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psyc exam 3
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Who is associated with psychodymamic theories | Freud, Jung, Adler |
three levels of the mind according to freud | conscious, preconscious, unconscious |
catharsis | release of bottled up emotions by talking about problems freud |
free association | technique used to uncover hidden problems (psychodynamic freud |
dream analysis | technique used to uncover hidden problems (psychodynamic freud |
Id | pleasure seeker freud |
super ego | rule oriented freud |
ego | balance, mediates conflict between the other two freud |
Defense mechanisms | reduce anxiety by distorting reality freud |
repression | push troubling thoughts into unconscious freud |
rationalization | excuse unacceptable motive with acceptable one freud |
projection | attribute shortcomings and faults to others freud |
reaction formation | hide unacceptable motives with opposite expression freud |
denial | refuse to acknowledge troubling reality freud |
displacement | direct unacceptable impulses at safer target freud |
regression | revert to earlier, easier developmental state freud |
Carl Jung | believed humans have an individual unconscious and a shared collective unconscious, certain ideas common to all cultures: ;god satan |
Alfred Adler | believed the source of human striving was to compensate for feelings of inferiority, proposed that the birth order strongly influences personality |
Dispositional theories | Allport, Costa and McCrae |
Allport's six values | personality shaped by certain values 1. theoretical- thinking part 2. economic- practical part 3. social- communal part 4. esthetic- artistic part 5. political- power point 6, religion- spiritual part |
Costa and McCrae's Big Five Traits | extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness |
Representational Theories | Maslow and Rogers |
Maslow | Focused on healthy people, characteristics of self-actualizers: acceptance of self, others, the world, spontaneous and natural, non conformists, freshness of appreciation, care for others, gentle sense of humor, comfortable with solitude, peak experiences |
Carl Rogers | People are unhappy bc they try to please others and adopt others' values, ways to help people find their own values: unconditional positive regard, non directive approach, reflection of clients feelings |
Environmental theories | skinner and bandura |
B. F. Skinner | personality= behavior shaped by person's "history or reinforcement and punishment" |
Albert Bandura | observational learning- personality formed through social influence-observation and vicarious reinforcement - social situations determines which hats we wear and how we behave |
Personality Assessment Projective tests | subjects respond to ambiguous stimuli into which they project feelings, attitudes, desires and needs- word associations, picture tests, ink blots |
Personality Assessment self report tests | subjects respond to questions about whether items describe their feelings and behavior, helps create a personality profile based on traits- neo pi, myers briggs personality inventory |
Statistical definition of abnormality | behavior not found in the majority of the population |
four criteria for psychological disorder or abnormality | deviance- socially unacceptable, distress- personal misery, dysfunction- behavioral impairment, danger- to self or others |
DSM | diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders |
Panic disorders (anxiety) | recurrent anxiety attacks, uncued- spontaneously occur, cued- specific trigger |
Obsessive compulsive disorder | persistent thoughts and irresistible impulses/rituals |
phobias | intense irrational fears |
Mood disorders | characterized by disruptive disturbances in mood and emotional state |
Unipolar type mood disorder | fixation at one end of the emotional spectrum (euphoria/happiness - dysphoria/sadness) |
bipolar type mood disorder | fluctuation between two emotional poles |
Major depressive disorder | dysphoric mood, common cold of mental illness, affects 13-20%, symptoms must be present for 2 weeks or more |
Dysthymic disorder | persistent dysphoric mood but fewer and less sever symptoms than major depression |
Bipolar disorder | extreme mood swings; manic episodes followed by depressive crash (manic- elation and excitement, flight of ideas, impulsive behavior, hyperactivity) |
Cyclothymic | less sever form of bipolar disorder |
Suicide statistics and warning signs | 30,000 annual suicides in u.s., 600,000 attempts, more males. warning signs- suicidal talk, prior attempts, depression, emotional problems, substance abuse, loneliness, stressful events, illness, work problems, relationship problems |
Schizophrenia | deterioration of functioning characterized by sever distortions of thought, perception and mood, by bizarre behavior and social withdrawal. symptoms- delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking and speech, disorganized or cationic behavior, emotions |
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) -multiple personalities | most common alters- children, protectors, expressers of forbidden impulses, those based on loved ones, avengers of past abuses. up to 95% of all cases are linked to sever abuse in early childhood |
Psychotherapy | any treatment strategy designed to alleviate the symptoms of mental distress or illness |
Biological Therapies | something done to the person physically. |
ECT | electro-convulsive therapy, shock treatment to treat depression |
Psychosurgery | includes any type of corrective surgery on the brian |
Psychotropic drugs | fix chemical imbalances: anti anxiety- valium, xanax, klonopin. antidepressant- prozac, paxil, zoloft. antipsychotic- clozaril, risperdal |
Intra-psychic therapies | treatment focuses on psychological interventions, problem is seen as psychological in nature, work to change attitudes and beliefs |
past-focused intra-psychic | uncovering past problems and resolving conflicts (psychoanalysis) |
future-focused intra-psychic | help person reach goals and achieve aspirations (humanistics) |
cognitive intra-psychic | correct the way a person thinks and responds (cognitive therapies) |
Social/behavioral therapies | treatment focuses on changing behavior and or environmental conditions, work from the outside in, restructure environment and change behavior patterns |
Group Therapy | social support and beneficial interaction |
Behavior modification | token economy, systematic desensitization, flooding, modeling, aversion therapy |
Client's rights | informed consent, confidentiality |
Insanity defense | stems from M'Naghten rule, if because of mental illness they can't appreciate criminality of his conduct or to conform his conduct to requirements of law |
Social Psychology | studies relationships, the dynamics of how people interact with and influence each other |
factors that influence first impressions | reputation, stereotypes, primacy effect, recency effect, nonverbal aspects |
Primacy effect | remember what they know about someone very early on |
Recency effect | carry over feelings from previous relationships |
Non-verbal aspects people use to form impressions | physical attractiveness, body language, gender, age, dress, race |
Halo Effect | if we know one good thing about someone we automatically assume they have many other good qualities |
Discongruence | form an attitude and expect future interactions to conform it |
Personal Space- Proxemics | studies the rules of personal space |
Zones of distance | intimate- 18 inches or closer, intimate interactions, select few. personal- 18 inches to 4 feet, comfortable interaction, within arms reach. Social distance- 4 to 12 feet, casual, impersonal interaction, no touching. Public- more than 12 feet, formal inte |
Conformity | modifying one's behavior to be consistent with a group |
Asch study | demonstrated the strength of group influence (peer pressure) |
3 levels of conformity | perceptual level- actually saw it that way. judgmental level- thought misunderstood. action level- didn't want to be different |
factors that influence conformity | group size, cohesiveness, unanimity |
Obedience | tendency to follow commands of authority figures |
Milgram's experiment | showed how far people will go in the name of obedience. originally 65% obeyed, with learner in same room 40%, holding learners hand on shock plate 30%, with experimenter out of room 22% |
Passivity | being too submissive or meek |
Bystander apathy | unwilling to get involved to help others |
Stanford prison Experiment 1971 | 2 week experiment called of in 6 days |
Social Roles | depersonalization- guards treated prisoners like non persons. prisoners and guards conformed behavior to expectations of social roles, subsumed personality to become the part |
Social Identity | the way individuals define themselves in terms of their group membership |
Ethnocentrism | tendency to favor one's own ethnic group over others |
Prejudice | unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individuals membership in a group |
Which of the following defense mechanisms involves directing unacceptable impulses at a less threatening target? | Displacement |
Of all the big five personality traits, _____ is probably the most important in health and longevity issues. | conscientiousness |
Modern criminal profiling is based on the personological approach of _____. | Henry Murray |
Walter Mischel's view of situationism states that _____. | personality varies considerably from one context to another |
According to Gray’s reinforcement sensitivity theory, individuals who are high on the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) ______. | are more susceptible to negative mood |
Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with extraversion? | Dopamine |
The Rorschach inkblot test is a(n)_____ test of personality. | projective |
Of the following factors, _____ is the strongest predictor of whether a person will experience a mental disorder. | cognitive style |
Although Carol has been experiencing persistent anxiety for the past 6 months, she has been unable to specify the cause or source of her nervous feelings. Carol likely suffers from _____. | generalized anxiety disorder |
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of post-traumatic stress disorder? | Depressed arousal and fatigue |
Depressed people tend to have low levels of which neurotransmitters? | Serotonin and norepinephrine |
______ has the highest mortality rate of any psychological disorder. | Anorexia nervosa |
Which of the following is NOT considered a positive symptom of schizophrenia? | Flat affect |
In 1973 Rosenhan conducted a study in which eight healthy individuals were committed to a psychiatric hospital. What did the results of this study demonstrate? | Being labeled with a mental disorder creates a self-fulfilling prophecy that changes the way mental health professionals evaluate and treat you. |
Which of the following biological interventions for changing behavior is used LEAST often? | Electroconvulsive therapy |
Lithium is commonly used to treat ______. | bipolar disorder |
The main goal of psychoanalysis is to ______. | provide clients with insight into their unconscious conflicts |
According to Freudian dream interpretation, the obvious content of a person’s dream hides the true meaning of the dream, called the ______ content. | latent |
Aversive conditioning can be an effective treatment for _____. | smoking, overeating, and drinking alcohol |
______ suggests that psychological disorders are the result of irrational and self-defeating beliefs. | Rational-emotive behavior theory |
Validation, reframing, structural change, and detriangulation are techniques commonly used in _____. | family therapy |
The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of inner dispositions upon another’s behavior is called ______. | the fundamental attribution error |
_____ is the tension that arises when people realize that their behavior is inconsistent with their attitudes. | Cognitive dissonance |
Despite evidence to the contrary, Denise thinks she is smarter than most of the people in her class. Denise’s unfounded attitude about herself is an example of a(n) _____. | positive illusion |
According to _____, people who have first agreed to a small request tend to comply later with a larger request. | the foot-in-the-door technique |
What is the key social emotion involved with altruism? | Empathy |
You are studying in a quiet but crowded library when you suddenly start coughing. You soon notice others doing the same thing. This is an example of _____. | social contagion |
Sherif’s Robbers Cave study showed that perceptions of the outgroup are affected by _____. | competitive and cooperative activities |
What breeds attraction? | proximity, physical closeness, geographical(childhood friends), physical attractiveness, acquaintance, similarity |
Secure attachment style | positive views of relationships, easy to get along with others, not concerned, committed relationships |
avoidant attachment | hesitant about getting involved, once in relationship they tend to distance themselves from their partner |
anxious attachment | demand closeness, less trusting, more emotional, jealous possessive |