psyc exam 3 Word Scramble

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Question	Answer
Who is associated with psychodymamic theories	Freud, Jung, Adler
three levels of the mind according to freud	conscious, preconscious, unconscious
catharsis	release of bottled up emotions by talking about problems freud
free association	technique used to uncover hidden problems (psychodynamic freud
dream analysis	technique used to uncover hidden problems (psychodynamic freud
Id	pleasure seeker freud
super ego	rule oriented freud
ego	balance, mediates conflict between the other two freud
Defense mechanisms	reduce anxiety by distorting reality freud
repression	push troubling thoughts into unconscious freud
rationalization	excuse unacceptable motive with acceptable one freud
projection	attribute shortcomings and faults to others freud
reaction formation	hide unacceptable motives with opposite expression freud
denial	refuse to acknowledge troubling reality freud
displacement	direct unacceptable impulses at safer target freud
regression	revert to earlier, easier developmental state freud
Carl Jung	believed humans have an individual unconscious and a shared collective unconscious, certain ideas common to all cultures: ;god satan
Alfred Adler	believed the source of human striving was to compensate for feelings of inferiority, proposed that the birth order strongly influences personality
Dispositional theories	Allport, Costa and McCrae
Allport's six values	personality shaped by certain values 1. theoretical- thinking part 2. economic- practical part 3. social- communal part 4. esthetic- artistic part 5. political- power point 6, religion- spiritual part
Costa and McCrae's Big Five Traits	extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness
Representational Theories	Maslow and Rogers
Maslow	Focused on healthy people, characteristics of self-actualizers: acceptance of self, others, the world, spontaneous and natural, non conformists, freshness of appreciation, care for others, gentle sense of humor, comfortable with solitude, peak experiences
Carl Rogers	People are unhappy bc they try to please others and adopt others' values, ways to help people find their own values: unconditional positive regard, non directive approach, reflection of clients feelings
Environmental theories	skinner and bandura
B. F. Skinner	personality= behavior shaped by person's "history or reinforcement and punishment"
Albert Bandura	observational learning- personality formed through social influence-observation and vicarious reinforcement - social situations determines which hats we wear and how we behave
Personality Assessment Projective tests	subjects respond to ambiguous stimuli into which they project feelings, attitudes, desires and needs- word associations, picture tests, ink blots
Personality Assessment self report tests	subjects respond to questions about whether items describe their feelings and behavior, helps create a personality profile based on traits- neo pi, myers briggs personality inventory
Statistical definition of abnormality	behavior not found in the majority of the population
four criteria for psychological disorder or abnormality	deviance- socially unacceptable, distress- personal misery, dysfunction- behavioral impairment, danger- to self or others
DSM	diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
Panic disorders (anxiety)	recurrent anxiety attacks, uncued- spontaneously occur, cued- specific trigger
Obsessive compulsive disorder	persistent thoughts and irresistible impulses/rituals
phobias	intense irrational fears
Mood disorders	characterized by disruptive disturbances in mood and emotional state
Unipolar type mood disorder	fixation at one end of the emotional spectrum (euphoria/happiness - dysphoria/sadness)
bipolar type mood disorder	fluctuation between two emotional poles
Major depressive disorder	dysphoric mood, common cold of mental illness, affects 13-20%, symptoms must be present for 2 weeks or more
Dysthymic disorder	persistent dysphoric mood but fewer and less sever symptoms than major depression
Bipolar disorder	extreme mood swings; manic episodes followed by depressive crash (manic- elation and excitement, flight of ideas, impulsive behavior, hyperactivity)
Cyclothymic	less sever form of bipolar disorder
Suicide statistics and warning signs	30,000 annual suicides in u.s., 600,000 attempts, more males. warning signs- suicidal talk, prior attempts, depression, emotional problems, substance abuse, loneliness, stressful events, illness, work problems, relationship problems
Schizophrenia	deterioration of functioning characterized by sever distortions of thought, perception and mood, by bizarre behavior and social withdrawal. symptoms- delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking and speech, disorganized or cationic behavior, emotions
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) -multiple personalities	most common alters- children, protectors, expressers of forbidden impulses, those based on loved ones, avengers of past abuses. up to 95% of all cases are linked to sever abuse in early childhood
Psychotherapy	any treatment strategy designed to alleviate the symptoms of mental distress or illness
Biological Therapies	something done to the person physically.
ECT	electro-convulsive therapy, shock treatment to treat depression
Psychosurgery	includes any type of corrective surgery on the brian
Psychotropic drugs	fix chemical imbalances: anti anxiety- valium, xanax, klonopin. antidepressant- prozac, paxil, zoloft. antipsychotic- clozaril, risperdal
Intra-psychic therapies	treatment focuses on psychological interventions, problem is seen as psychological in nature, work to change attitudes and beliefs
past-focused intra-psychic	uncovering past problems and resolving conflicts (psychoanalysis)
future-focused intra-psychic	help person reach goals and achieve aspirations (humanistics)
cognitive intra-psychic	correct the way a person thinks and responds (cognitive therapies)
Social/behavioral therapies	treatment focuses on changing behavior and or environmental conditions, work from the outside in, restructure environment and change behavior patterns
Group Therapy	social support and beneficial interaction
Behavior modification	token economy, systematic desensitization, flooding, modeling, aversion therapy
Client's rights	informed consent, confidentiality
Insanity defense	stems from M'Naghten rule, if because of mental illness they can't appreciate criminality of his conduct or to conform his conduct to requirements of law
Social Psychology	studies relationships, the dynamics of how people interact with and influence each other
factors that influence first impressions	reputation, stereotypes, primacy effect, recency effect, nonverbal aspects
Primacy effect	remember what they know about someone very early on
Recency effect	carry over feelings from previous relationships
Non-verbal aspects people use to form impressions	physical attractiveness, body language, gender, age, dress, race
Halo Effect	if we know one good thing about someone we automatically assume they have many other good qualities
Discongruence	form an attitude and expect future interactions to conform it
Personal Space- Proxemics	studies the rules of personal space
Zones of distance	intimate- 18 inches or closer, intimate interactions, select few. personal- 18 inches to 4 feet, comfortable interaction, within arms reach. Social distance- 4 to 12 feet, casual, impersonal interaction, no touching. Public- more than 12 feet, formal inte
Conformity	modifying one's behavior to be consistent with a group
Asch study	demonstrated the strength of group influence (peer pressure)
3 levels of conformity	perceptual level- actually saw it that way. judgmental level- thought misunderstood. action level- didn't want to be different
factors that influence conformity	group size, cohesiveness, unanimity
Obedience	tendency to follow commands of authority figures
Milgram's experiment	showed how far people will go in the name of obedience. originally 65% obeyed, with learner in same room 40%, holding learners hand on shock plate 30%, with experimenter out of room 22%
Passivity	being too submissive or meek
Bystander apathy	unwilling to get involved to help others
Stanford prison Experiment 1971	2 week experiment called of in 6 days
Social Roles	depersonalization- guards treated prisoners like non persons. prisoners and guards conformed behavior to expectations of social roles, subsumed personality to become the part
Social Identity	the way individuals define themselves in terms of their group membership
Ethnocentrism	tendency to favor one's own ethnic group over others
Prejudice	unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individuals membership in a group
Which of the following defense mechanisms involves directing unacceptable impulses at a less threatening target?	Displacement
Of all the big five personality traits, _____ is probably the most important in health and longevity issues.	conscientiousness
Modern criminal profiling is based on the personological approach of _____.	Henry Murray
Walter Mischel's view of situationism states that _____.	personality varies considerably from one context to another
According to Gray’s reinforcement sensitivity theory, individuals who are high on the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) ______.	are more susceptible to negative mood
Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with extraversion?	Dopamine
The Rorschach inkblot test is a(n)_____ test of personality.	projective
Of the following factors, _____ is the strongest predictor of whether a person will experience a mental disorder.	cognitive style
Although Carol has been experiencing persistent anxiety for the past 6 months, she has been unable to specify the cause or source of her nervous feelings. Carol likely suffers from _____.	generalized anxiety disorder
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of post-traumatic stress disorder?	Depressed arousal and fatigue
Depressed people tend to have low levels of which neurotransmitters?	Serotonin and norepinephrine
______ has the highest mortality rate of any psychological disorder.	Anorexia nervosa
Which of the following is NOT considered a positive symptom of schizophrenia?	Flat affect
In 1973 Rosenhan conducted a study in which eight healthy individuals were committed to a psychiatric hospital. What did the results of this study demonstrate?	Being labeled with a mental disorder creates a self-fulfilling prophecy that changes the way mental health professionals evaluate and treat you.
Which of the following biological interventions for changing behavior is used LEAST often?	Electroconvulsive therapy
Lithium is commonly used to treat ______.	bipolar disorder
The main goal of psychoanalysis is to ______.	provide clients with insight into their unconscious conflicts
According to Freudian dream interpretation, the obvious content of a person’s dream hides the true meaning of the dream, called the ______ content.	latent
Aversive conditioning can be an effective treatment for _____.	smoking, overeating, and drinking alcohol
______ suggests that psychological disorders are the result of irrational and self-defeating beliefs.	Rational-emotive behavior theory
Validation, reframing, structural change, and detriangulation are techniques commonly used in _____.	family therapy
The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of inner dispositions upon another’s behavior is called ______.	the fundamental attribution error
_____ is the tension that arises when people realize that their behavior is inconsistent with their attitudes.	Cognitive dissonance
Despite evidence to the contrary, Denise thinks she is smarter than most of the people in her class. Denise’s unfounded attitude about herself is an example of a(n) _____.	positive illusion
According to _____, people who have first agreed to a small request tend to comply later with a larger request.	the foot-in-the-door technique
What is the key social emotion involved with altruism?	Empathy
You are studying in a quiet but crowded library when you suddenly start coughing. You soon notice others doing the same thing. This is an example of _____.	social contagion
Sherif’s Robbers Cave study showed that perceptions of the outgroup are affected by _____.	competitive and cooperative activities
What breeds attraction?	proximity, physical closeness, geographical(childhood friends), physical attractiveness, acquaintance, similarity
Secure attachment style	positive views of relationships, easy to get along with others, not concerned, committed relationships
avoidant attachment	hesitant about getting involved, once in relationship they tend to distance themselves from their partner
anxious attachment	demand closeness, less trusting, more emotional, jealous possessive

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