psyc exam 3
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| Who is associated with psychodymamic theories | Freud, Jung, Adler
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| three levels of the mind according to freud | conscious, preconscious, unconscious
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| catharsis | release of bottled up emotions by talking about problems freud
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| free association | technique used to uncover hidden problems (psychodynamic freud
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| dream analysis | technique used to uncover hidden problems (psychodynamic freud
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| Id | pleasure seeker freud
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| super ego | rule oriented freud
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| ego | balance, mediates conflict between the other two freud
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| Defense mechanisms | reduce anxiety by distorting reality freud
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| repression | push troubling thoughts into unconscious freud
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| rationalization | excuse unacceptable motive with acceptable one freud
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| projection | attribute shortcomings and faults to others freud
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| reaction formation | hide unacceptable motives with opposite expression freud
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| denial | refuse to acknowledge troubling reality freud
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| displacement | direct unacceptable impulses at safer target freud
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| regression | revert to earlier, easier developmental state freud
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| Carl Jung | believed humans have an individual unconscious and a shared collective unconscious, certain ideas common to all cultures: ;god satan
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| Alfred Adler | believed the source of human striving was to compensate for feelings of inferiority, proposed that the birth order strongly influences personality
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| Dispositional theories | Allport, Costa and McCrae
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| Allport's six values | personality shaped by certain values
1. theoretical- thinking part
2. economic- practical part
3. social- communal part
4. esthetic- artistic part
5. political- power point
6, religion- spiritual part
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| Costa and McCrae's Big Five Traits | extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness
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| Representational Theories | Maslow and Rogers
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| Maslow | Focused on healthy people, characteristics of self-actualizers: acceptance of self, others, the world, spontaneous and natural, non conformists, freshness of appreciation, care for others, gentle sense of humor, comfortable with solitude, peak experiences
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| Carl Rogers | People are unhappy bc they try to please others and adopt others' values, ways to help people find their own values: unconditional positive regard, non directive approach, reflection of clients feelings
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| Environmental theories | skinner and bandura
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| B. F. Skinner | personality= behavior shaped by person's "history or reinforcement and punishment"
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| Albert Bandura | observational learning- personality formed through social influence-observation and vicarious reinforcement - social situations determines which hats we wear and how we behave
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| Personality Assessment Projective tests | subjects respond to ambiguous stimuli into which they project feelings, attitudes, desires and needs- word associations, picture tests, ink blots
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| Personality Assessment self report tests | subjects respond to questions about whether items describe their feelings and behavior, helps create a personality profile based on traits- neo pi, myers briggs personality inventory
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| Statistical definition of abnormality | behavior not found in the majority of the population
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| four criteria for psychological disorder or abnormality | deviance- socially unacceptable, distress- personal misery, dysfunction- behavioral impairment, danger- to self or others
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| DSM | diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
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| Panic disorders (anxiety) | recurrent anxiety attacks, uncued- spontaneously occur, cued- specific trigger
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| Obsessive compulsive disorder | persistent thoughts and irresistible impulses/rituals
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| phobias | intense irrational fears
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| Mood disorders | characterized by disruptive disturbances in mood and emotional state
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| Unipolar type mood disorder | fixation at one end of the emotional spectrum (euphoria/happiness - dysphoria/sadness)
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| bipolar type mood disorder | fluctuation between two emotional poles
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| Major depressive disorder | dysphoric mood, common cold of mental illness, affects 13-20%, symptoms must be present for 2 weeks or more
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| Dysthymic disorder | persistent dysphoric mood but fewer and less sever symptoms than major depression
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| Bipolar disorder | extreme mood swings; manic episodes followed by depressive crash (manic- elation and excitement, flight of ideas, impulsive behavior, hyperactivity)
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| Cyclothymic | less sever form of bipolar disorder
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| Suicide statistics and warning signs | 30,000 annual suicides in u.s., 600,000 attempts, more males. warning signs- suicidal talk, prior attempts, depression, emotional problems, substance abuse, loneliness, stressful events, illness, work problems, relationship problems
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| Schizophrenia | deterioration of functioning characterized by sever distortions of thought, perception and mood, by bizarre behavior and social withdrawal. symptoms- delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking and speech, disorganized or cationic behavior, emotions
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| Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) -multiple personalities | most common alters- children, protectors, expressers of forbidden impulses, those based on loved ones, avengers of past abuses. up to 95% of all cases are linked to sever abuse in early childhood
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| Psychotherapy | any treatment strategy designed to alleviate the symptoms of mental distress or illness
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| Biological Therapies | something done to the person physically.
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| ECT | electro-convulsive therapy, shock treatment to treat depression
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| Psychosurgery | includes any type of corrective surgery on the brian
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| Psychotropic drugs | fix chemical imbalances: anti anxiety- valium, xanax, klonopin. antidepressant- prozac, paxil, zoloft. antipsychotic- clozaril, risperdal
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| Intra-psychic therapies | treatment focuses on psychological interventions, problem is seen as psychological in nature, work to change attitudes and beliefs
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| past-focused intra-psychic | uncovering past problems and resolving conflicts (psychoanalysis)
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| future-focused intra-psychic | help person reach goals and achieve aspirations (humanistics)
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| cognitive intra-psychic | correct the way a person thinks and responds (cognitive therapies)
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| Social/behavioral therapies | treatment focuses on changing behavior and or environmental conditions, work from the outside in, restructure environment and change behavior patterns
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| Group Therapy | social support and beneficial interaction
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| Behavior modification | token economy, systematic desensitization, flooding, modeling, aversion therapy
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| Client's rights | informed consent, confidentiality
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| Insanity defense | stems from M'Naghten rule, if because of mental illness they can't appreciate criminality of his conduct or to conform his conduct to requirements of law
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| Social Psychology | studies relationships, the dynamics of how people interact with and influence each other
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| factors that influence first impressions | reputation, stereotypes, primacy effect, recency effect, nonverbal aspects
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| Primacy effect | remember what they know about someone very early on
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| Recency effect | carry over feelings from previous relationships
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| Non-verbal aspects people use to form impressions | physical attractiveness, body language, gender, age, dress, race
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| Halo Effect | if we know one good thing about someone we automatically assume they have many other good qualities
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| Discongruence | form an attitude and expect future interactions to conform it
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| Personal Space- Proxemics | studies the rules of personal space
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| Zones of distance | intimate- 18 inches or closer, intimate interactions, select few. personal- 18 inches to 4 feet, comfortable interaction, within arms reach. Social distance- 4 to 12 feet, casual, impersonal interaction, no touching. Public- more than 12 feet, formal inte
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| Conformity | modifying one's behavior to be consistent with a group
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| Asch study | demonstrated the strength of group influence (peer pressure)
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| 3 levels of conformity | perceptual level- actually saw it that way. judgmental level- thought misunderstood. action level- didn't want to be different
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| factors that influence conformity | group size, cohesiveness, unanimity
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| Obedience | tendency to follow commands of authority figures
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| Milgram's experiment | showed how far people will go in the name of obedience. originally 65% obeyed, with learner in same room 40%, holding learners hand on shock plate 30%, with experimenter out of room 22%
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| Passivity | being too submissive or meek
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| Bystander apathy | unwilling to get involved to help others
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| Stanford prison Experiment 1971 | 2 week experiment called of in 6 days
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| Social Roles | depersonalization- guards treated prisoners like non persons. prisoners and guards conformed behavior to expectations of social roles, subsumed personality to become the part
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| Social Identity | the way individuals define themselves in terms of their group membership
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| Ethnocentrism | tendency to favor one's own ethnic group over others
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| Prejudice | unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individuals membership in a group
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| Which of the following defense mechanisms involves directing unacceptable impulses at a less threatening target? | Displacement
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| Of all the big five personality traits, _____ is probably the most important in health and longevity issues. | conscientiousness
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| Modern criminal profiling is based on the personological approach of _____. | Henry Murray
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| Walter Mischel's view of situationism states that _____. | personality varies considerably from one context to another
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| According to Gray’s reinforcement sensitivity theory, individuals who are high on the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) ______. | are more susceptible to negative mood
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| Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with extraversion? | Dopamine
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| The Rorschach inkblot test is a(n)_____ test of personality. | projective
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| Of the following factors, _____ is the strongest predictor of whether a person will experience a mental disorder. | cognitive style
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| Although Carol has been experiencing persistent anxiety for the past 6 months, she has been unable to specify the cause or source of her nervous feelings. Carol likely suffers from _____. | generalized anxiety disorder
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| Which of the following is NOT a symptom of post-traumatic stress disorder? | Depressed arousal and fatigue
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| Depressed people tend to have low levels of which neurotransmitters? | Serotonin and norepinephrine
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| ______ has the highest mortality rate of any psychological disorder. | Anorexia nervosa
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| Which of the following is NOT considered a positive symptom of schizophrenia? | Flat affect
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| In 1973 Rosenhan conducted a study in which eight healthy individuals were committed to a psychiatric hospital. What did the results of this study demonstrate? | Being labeled with a mental disorder creates a self-fulfilling prophecy that changes the way mental health professionals evaluate and treat you.
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| Which of the following biological interventions for changing behavior is used LEAST often? | Electroconvulsive therapy
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| Lithium is commonly used to treat ______. | bipolar disorder
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| The main goal of psychoanalysis is to ______. | provide clients with insight into their unconscious conflicts
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| According to Freudian dream interpretation, the obvious content of a person’s dream hides the true meaning of the dream, called the ______ content. | latent
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| Aversive conditioning can be an effective treatment for _____. | smoking, overeating, and drinking alcohol
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| ______ suggests that psychological disorders are the result of irrational and self-defeating beliefs. | Rational-emotive behavior theory
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| Validation, reframing, structural change, and detriangulation are techniques commonly used in _____. | family therapy
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| The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of inner dispositions upon another’s behavior is called ______. | the fundamental attribution error
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| _____ is the tension that arises when people realize that their behavior is inconsistent with their attitudes. | Cognitive dissonance
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| Despite evidence to the contrary, Denise thinks she is smarter than most of the people in her class. Denise’s unfounded attitude about herself is an example of a(n) _____. | positive illusion
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| According to _____, people who have first agreed to a small request tend to comply later with a larger request. | the foot-in-the-door technique
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| What is the key social emotion involved with altruism? | Empathy
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| You are studying in a quiet but crowded library when you suddenly start coughing. You soon notice others doing the same thing. This is an example of _____. | social contagion
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| Sherif’s Robbers Cave study showed that perceptions of the outgroup are affected by _____. | competitive and cooperative activities
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| What breeds attraction? | proximity, physical closeness, geographical(childhood friends), physical attractiveness, acquaintance, similarity
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| Secure attachment style | positive views of relationships, easy to get along with others, not concerned, committed relationships
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| avoidant attachment | hesitant about getting involved, once in relationship they tend to distance themselves from their partner
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| anxious attachment | demand closeness, less trusting, more emotional, jealous possessive
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