Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
2nd Semester Review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Reproduction | new organism produced; advantages: rapid reproduction of successful organism |
| Asexual | one parent |
| Budding | some of cell splits off |
| Vegetative propagation/cuttings/runners | Part of plant grows into a new plant |
| Spore formation | fungi and mosses reproduction |
| Binary fission/mitosis | cell splits into "two" identical twin cells |
| Cloning | Clone |
| Sexual/Meiosis | Gametes(sex cells- 1/2 chromosomes): ovum/egg(female) and sperm/spermatozoan(male); Fertilization--> Zygote--> Embryo-->Fetus; Plants: pollen(male) from stamen to pistil(female) --> fruit/seed --> germination Advantages:variablility in genetics |
| DNA/RNA | code of life- nucleotides |
| DNA | phosphate group, five- carbon sugar(deoxyribose) and nitrogen bases (A-T, G-C) Double helix |
| RNA | phosphate group, five-carbon sugar(ribose), and nitrogen bases (A-U, G-C); single strand |
| DNA replication | nucleus--> mRNA transcription--> tRNA transcription(endoplasmic reticulum)--> codon/anticodon--> amino acids--> proteins --> inherited traits |
| Dipliod | 46 chromosomes, daughter cell |
| Haploid | half chromosomes 23, gamete |
| Mitosis 'two' | Prophase(chromosomes, centroiles and spindle fibers)--> metaphase(line up along forms) --> cytokinesis(rest of cell splits)--> in plants cell plant joins cell walls |
| Meiosis/gametogenesis | creates gametes with different 1/2 of genes(crossing over); Meiosis I and II (form tetrads which split a second time) |
| Heredity/Genetics | passing on of traits(Gregor Mendel 1860s - pea plants) |
| Punnet squares | grid or matrix showing probability (%) of inheriting traits |
| Alleles | gene pairs (dominant vs.recessive, codominance, sex-linked( X-female; Y-male)) |
| Genotypes | TT, Tt, tt |
| Phenotypes | Tall(TT, tt) or short (tt) |
| Homozygous | "same"; TT, tt |
| Heterozygous | "mixed"; Tt |
| Controlled/selective breeding | humans control which traits are passed on |
| Inbreeding | recessive traits can cause medical conditions |
| Hybridization | crossing organisms with different genes; can create sterile offspring; ex: mule |
| Genetic engineering | controlled mutation(gene splicing --> recombinant DNA) *morale issues |
| Human Genome Project | gene mapping of entire DNA code (gene therapy) |
| Mutation | mutagens(radiation, chemicals, or viruses); damage/change DNA code (good or bad) |
| DNA errors | frame-shift, substitution, deletion, crossing-over, inversion, translocation, nondisjunction |
| Down Syndrome | nondisjunction of chromosome 21--> 47 total chromosomes |
| Tuner Syndrome | X chromosome, no Y |
| Klinefelter Syndrome | (XXY) |
| Phenylketonuria | lacks digestive enzyme |
| Cystic Fibrosis | excessive mucous |
| Dyslexia | flips letters/words |
| Huntington's Disease | loss of muscle control |
| Hemophilia | bleeding disorder, sex-linked |
| Color blindness | sex linked; color problems |
| Sickle-cell anemia | resistance to malaria |
| Classification | Kingdom---Phylum---Class---Order---Family---Genus---Species |
| Binomial nomenclature | Genus species |
| Monera(Archaebacteria and Eubacteria) | prokaryotes, have cell walls, asexual reproduction |
| Archaebacteria | "ancient", extreme environments (methanogens, halopiles, thermophiles) |
| Eubacteria | "bacteria", aerobic/anaerobic, autotrophs/heterotrophs(ex: cyanobacteria is photosynthetic);pathogenic(antibiotics/sterilization/disinfectants) |
| Eubacteria | Uses: decomposers, sewage treatment, food production, nitrogen fixation, environmental clean-up(degradation), digestion, vitamin supply |
| Protista | Eukaryotes, uni-/multicellular, autotrophs/heterotrophs, sexual/asexual; plant-like(algae); animal like(amoebae, paramecia, protozoa); fungus-like(slime mold) |
| Fungi | 65,000+, eukaryotes, unicellular(yeast)/multicellular(molds); sexual/asexual, decomposers |
| Fungi | Uses: basking, penicillium, recycle nutrients |
| Plant | 350,000+, eykaryotes, multicellular, autotrophic (chloroplasts-photosynthesis); asexual/sexual, cell wall to control turidness(swelling/welting from water) |
| Leaves | epidermis, stomata (O2 --> CO2, guard cells, --> transpiration, H2O), chloroplasts --> photosynthesis |
| Vascular bundles | veins - xylem (up - H2O and minerals) vs. phloem (down-sugars) |
| Nonvascular | lacking water-conducting material (ex: mosses,liverworts) |
| Vascular/Bryophytes | seed plants, leaves, roots, and stems |
| Gymnosperms | Naked seeds |
| Conifers | seed cones, evergreen; ex: pines, cedars, junipers, redwoods |
| Angiosperms | seed in fruit -- flowering plants |
| Monocotyledons | one seed leaf, parallel veins, flower parts in 3s (ex: grasses, lillies, irises, corn) |
Created by:
tuohybio1415
Popular Biology sets