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Chapter 5 A & P
Tissues
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Tissues | Cells are organized into layers or groups of similar cells with a common function |
| four major types of tissues | 1. epithelial 2. connective 3. muscle 4. nervous. |
| Epithelium | 1. covers the body surface and organs 2. forms glandular tissues 3.lines internal organs |
| Epithelial tissue | 1. always has a free surface 2. lacks blood vessels 3. cells divide rapidly causing its injuries heal rapidly 4. classified according to the shape and numbers of layers of cells. |
| basement membrane | Anchors the underside of epithelial tissue to connective tissue |
| Epithelial cells | 1. tightly packed 2. functions include protection, secretion, absorption, and excretion. |
| desmosomes | attach epithelial cells together |
| Squamous cells | thin and flat |
| cuboidal cells | cubelike |
| columnar cells | elongated |
| simple Epithelial tissues | single layers of cells |
| stratified Epithelial tissues | two or more cell layers |
| Simple squamous epithelium | 1. consists of one layer of flat cells 2. Substances pass easily through 3. Found in alveoli of lungs and capillary walls |
| Simple cuboidal epithelium | 1. consists of one layer of cube-shaped cells 2. located lining the follicles of the thyroid glands, covering the ovaries, and lining kidney tubules and ducts of certain glands. |
| Simple columnar epithelium | 1. composed of one layer of elongated cells 2.cells can be ciliated or nonciliated 3. can secrete digestive fluids and absorbs nutrients from digested foods |
| Cilia | 1. extend from the free surfaces 2. move constantly 3. moving eggs through the uterine tubes to the uterus |
| Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium | lines the uterus and portions of the digestive tract |
| Microvilli | 1. tiny cylindrical processes extending from the free surfaces of simple columnar epithelium 2. function to increase the surface area of an epithelium |
| Goblet cells | 1. flask-shaped glandular cells 2. secrete mucus |
| pseudostratified columnar epithelium | 1. appear layered but they are not. 2.cells have cilia 3. located in portions of the respiratory tract |
| Stratified epithelium | named for the shape of the cells forming the outermost layers |
| location of cells | Cells nearest the free surface of stratified squamous epithelium are flattened while cells in the deeper layers are cuboidal or columnar |
| Stratified squamous epithelium that accumulates keratin | located as the outermost layer of skin. |
| Keratin | protein |
| Keratinization | produces a covering of dry, tough, protective material that prevents water and other substances from escaping from underlying tissues and blocks chemicals and microorganisms from entering |
| Stratified squamous epithelium that does not accumulate keratin | located lining the oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, and anal canal |
| Stratified cuboidal epithelium | 1. consists of two or three layers of cubelike cells. 2. located lining ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and pancreas |
| Stratified columnar epithelium | 1. consists of several layers of elongated and cubelike cells. 2. located in part of the male urethra, and parts of the pharynx. |
| Transitional epithelium | 1. specialized to change in response to increased tension. 2.forms the lining of the urinary bladder, the ureters, and part of the urethra |
| Changes in Transitional epithelium (Ex Bladder) | 1.bladder contracts, the transitional epithelium consists of several layers of cuboidal cells 2.the bladder is distended, the transitional epithelium appears to contain only a few layers of cells. |
| Glandular epithelium | composed of cells that are specialized to produce and secrete substances into ducts or into body fluids |
| Exocrine glands | 1. secrete their products into ducts that open onto a surface 2. example of a unicellular exocrine gland is a goblet cell |
| Endocrine glands | secrete their products into tissue fluid or blood |
| Multicellular exocrine glands | divided into simple and compound glands |
| A simple gland | communicates with the surface by means of a duct that does not branch before it reaches the glandular cells or secretory portion, and a compound gland has a duct that branches repeatedly before reaching the secretory portion. |
| Tubular glands | glands that consist of epithelial-lined tubes |
| Alveolar glands | glands whose terminal portions form saclike dilations. |
| Merocrine glands | release fluids by exocytosis |
| Apocrine glands | release small portions of their glandular cell bodies |
| Holocrine glands | release entire cells |
| The secretion of a serous cell | watery and has a high concentration of enzymes |
| mucus | The secretion of a mucous cell |
| Connective tissues | 1.function to bind structures, provide support & protect, serve as frameworks, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells, protect against infections, & help repair tissue damage 2. Matrix is extracellular material. 3. varying degrees of vascularity |
| Matrix | consists of fibers and a ground substance |
| fixed cells | Examples are fibroblasts and mast cells |
| wandering cell | Example is a macrophage |
| A fibroblast | 1. the most common kind of fixed cell in connective tissues. 2. produce fibers |
| Macrophages | 1. originate as white blood cells 2. specialized for phagocytosis |
| Mast cells | usually located near blood vessels |
| Heparin | functions to prevent blood clotting |
| Histamine | functions to promote some of the reactions associated with inflammation and allergies |
| three types of fibers | 1.collagenous 2. elastic 3. reticular |
| Collagenous fibers | 1. thick threads of the protein collagen 2. great tensile strength 3. important components of body parts that hold structures together such as ligaments and tendons |
| Dense connective tissue | contains abundant collagenous fibers |
| Loose connective tissue | has sparse collagenous fibers |
| Elastic fibers | 1. composed of bundles of microfibrils embedded in a protein called elastin 2. common in body parts that are normally subjected to stretching. 3. Examples- vocal cords and air passages of the respiratory system |
| Reticular fibers | 1. very thin collagenous fibers 2. highly branched and form delicate supporting networks in a variety of tissues including those of the spleen. |
| two categories of connective tissues | 1. connective tissue proper 2. specialized connective tissues |
| Connective tissue proper | loose connective tissue, adipose tissue, reticular connective tissue, dense connective tissue, and elastic connective tissue |
| Specialized connective tissue | cartilage, bone, and blood |
| Loose connective tissue | 1. located beneath most layers of epithelium, in thin membranes throughout the body, beneath skin, and between muscles 2. functions to bind skin to underlying organs, to fill space between muscles and nourishes nearby epithelial cells |
| fibroblasts | Most cells of loose connective tissue |
| Adipocytes | cells that store fat |
| Adipose tissue | 1.beneath the skin, around the kidneys, behind the eyeballs, and on the surface of the heart 2. functions to protect, insulate, and store fat |
| Reticular connective tissue | 1. composed of reticular fibers 2. supports the walls of the liver, spleen, and lymphatic organs |
| Dense connective tissue | consists of many closely packed, thick, collagenous fibers, a fine network of elastic fibers, and a few cells, most of which are fibroblasts |
| Subclasses of dense connective tissue | 1. regular 2. irregular |
| Regular dense connective tissue | binds body parts together as parts of tendons and ligaments |
| Irregular dense connective tissue | located in the dermis |
| Elastic connective tissue | 1. consists-yellow, elastic fibers, some collagenous fibers, & fibroblasts 2. located in attach. betw. bones of the spinal column, layers w/in the walls of certain hollow int. organs, incl. the larger arteries, some portions of the heart & larger airways |
| Cartilage | 1. a rigid connective tissue 2. provides support, frameworks, attachments, protects underlying tissues, and forms structural models for many developing bones 3. lacks a blood supply |
| Cartilage extracellular matrix | composed of collagenous fibers embedded in a gel-like ground substance |
| Cartilage cells | called chondrocytes |
| Lacunae | small chambers in cartilage |
| Perichondrium | the connective tissue covering cartilage |
| Three types of cartilage | 1. hyaline cartilage 2. elastic cartilage 3. fibrocartilage |
| hyaline cartilage | 1. very fine collagenous fibers in its extracellular matrix 2. located on the ends of bones, in the soft part of the nose, in the supporting rings of the respiratory passages, and in the embryo’s skeleton |
| Elastic cartilage | 1. a dense network of elastic fibers in its extracellular matrix 2. located in parts of the larynx and as the framework for the external ear |
| Fibrocartilage | 1. many large collagenous fibers in its matrix 2. located between vertebrae, in the knee joints, and the pelvic girdle |
| Bone | 1. the most rigid connective tissue 2. hardness due to mineral salts such as calcium phosphate |
| Bone functions | 1. support body structures 2. protect vital structures of the cranial and thoracic cavities 3. attachment sites for muscles 4. stores inorganic substances such as calcium and phosphorus and produces blood cells |
| Bone matrix | deposited by bone cells called osteoblasts |
| Lamellae | thin layers of bone formed by osteoblasts |
| central, or Haversian canals | Osteoblasts form lamellae around capillaries located within tiny longitudinal tubes |
| Osteoblasts | located in lacunae where they mature into osteocytes and are rather evenly spaced within the lamellae |
| An osteon | a cylinder-shaped unit of compact bone. It contains a central canal, lamella, and osteocytes |
| A central canal of an osteon | contains blood vessels and nerves |
| Canaliculi | minute tubes in the extracellular matrix of bone |
| Processes of osteocytes | extend through canaliculi |
| Gap junctions | attach osteocyte cellular processes together so that materials can move between blood vessels and bone cells |
| Blood | composed of cells that are suspended in a fluid extracellular matrix called plasma |
| Plasma | the fluid part of blood |
| Cell types of blood | 1. red blood cells 2. white blood cells 3. cellular fragments called platelets |
| Red blood cells | function to transport gases |
| White blood cells | function to fight infection |
| Platelets function | function to produce blood clots |
| muscle fibers | Cells in muscle tissues that have elongated shape. |
| Muscle tissues | contractile, meaning they can shorten and thicken |
| three types of muscle tissue | 1. skeletal 2. smooth 3. cardiac |
| Skeletal muscle tissue | 1. forms muscles that usually attach to bones 2. under conscious control and is therefore called voluntary 3. functions to move body parts and in swallowing and breathing |
| Striations of skeletal muscle tissue | alternating light and dark cross-markings |
| Smooth muscle tissue | 1. smooth because it lacks striations 2. located in walls of most hollow internal organs 3. involuntary because it cannot be consciously controlled |
| Cardiac muscle tissue | 1. located only in the heart 2. striated but unlike skeletal muscle it is branched 3. involuntary |
| intercalated disc | a specialized intercellular junction located only in cardiac muscle tissue |
| Nervous tissues | 1. found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves 2. The basic cells are neurons 3.includes neuroglial cells |
Created by:
bturner1471
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