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TEST 4 MICRO
Immune system, DNA/RNA viruses,
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Immunology | The study of all biological, chemical, and physical events surrounding the function of the immune system |
| How many lines of defense are associated with the immune system? | Three: First, Second, and Third Lines of Defense |
| First Line of Defense | Any barrier that blocks invasion at the portal of entry-nonspecific, innate Ex: Skin |
| Second Line of Defense | Protective cells and fluids; inflammation and phagocytosis- nonspecific, innate Ex: Fever |
| Third Line of Defense | Acquired with exposure to foreign substances; produces protective antibodies and creates memory cells- specific, acquired Ex: Immunology of chickenpox once you have it the first time |
| Host Defenses | Innate, Natural Defense or Adaptive immunities |
| Innate, Natural Defenses are what | Present at birth, provide nonspecific resistance to infection |
| Adaptive immunities | Specific, must be acquired |
| Functions of a healthy immune system | 1. Surveillance of the body 2. Recognition of foreign material 3. Destruction of entities deemed to be foreign |
| Immune System structure | Lare, complex and diffuse network of cells and fluids that penetrate every organ and tissue |
| What are the 3 main subdivisions of the immune system? | Fluids, Tissues and organs, Cells |
| Reticuloendothelial system (RES) | 1. Network of connective tissue fibers that interconnects other cells and meshes with the connective tissue network surrounding organs 2. Inhabited by phagocytic cells (mononuclear phagocyte system) |
| Mononuclear Phagocyte System | Macrophages are ready to attack and ingest microbes that pass the first line of defense |
| Extracellular Fluid | Fluid found directly around cells |
| Circulatory system | Transports immune system products of cells |
| Lymphatic System | 1. Provides an auxiliary route for return of extracellular fluid to the circulatory system 2. Acts as a drain- off system for the inflammatory response 3. Renders surveillance, recognition, and protection against foreign material |
| Lymphoid organs and tissues | Are classified as primary and secondary |
| Primary lymphoid organs | Sites of lymphocytic origin and maturation Ex: Thymus and bone marrow |
| Secondary lymphoid organs and tissues | 1.Circulatory- based locations such as the spleen and lymph nodes 2. Collections of cells distributed throughout body tissues such as skin and mucous membranes |
| Examples of Secondary organs and tissues | Thymus, Lymph nodes, spleen, miscellaneous: GALT=Peyers patch, appendix -SALT, MALT, BALT |
| Thymus | High rate of growth and activity until puberty, then begins to shrink, site of T-cell maturation |
| Lymph nodes | small, encapsulated, bean shaped organs stationed along lymphatic channels, and large blood vessels of the thoracic and abdominal cavities |
| Spleen | Structurally similar to lymph node; filters circulating blood to remove worn out RBCs and pathogens |
| Miscellaneous | GALT=Peyer's Patch, appendix - SALT, MALT, BALT |
| Hemopoiesis | production of blood cells |
| stem cells | undifferentiated cells, precursor of new blood cells |
| Leukocytes | White blood cells |
| Two types of Leukocytes | Agranular/Granular |
| Granulocytes | Lobed nuclei: Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells |
| Agranulocytes | Unlobed, rounded nucleus: Lymphocytes, monocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets |
| Lymphocytes | B-cells: produce antibodies T-Cells: modulate immune functions and activated cells kill foreign cells |
| Monocytes | Macrophages: final differentiation of monocytes Dendritic cells: Trap pathogens and participate in immune reactions |
| Erythrocytes | Develop from bone marrow stem cells, lose nucleus, simple biconcave sacs of hemoglobin |
| Platelets | Formed elements in circulating blood that are NOT whole cells; function in blood clotting |
| 'NEVER LET MONKEYS EAT BANANAS' | Refers to the GREATEST # of white blood cells in the body to the LEAST # of white blood cells in the body: Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils |
| Mechanisms of the FIRST line of defense | Physical barriers, mechanical barriers, chemical barriers, genetic barriers |
| Physical barriers | *if intact-microbes cannot penetrate -outer membrane of skin; tight layer of epithelial cells -mucous membrane coated with mucus with hairs or cilia |
| Mechanical barriers | movement of cilia, flushing with urine or feces |
| Chemical Barriers | chemicals associated with other barriers, such as: lysozyme, acid, salt, hydrochloric acid, digestive juices |
| Genetic barrier | many microbes will only infect specific species -Parvo virus infects dogs and cats but not humans -Chicken pox infects humans but not dogs and cats |
| Secondary defense Mechanisms | Inflammation, Phagocytosis, Complement system, Fever, Interferons, Natural Killer cells |
| Inflammation | Nonspecific defense response by the body to an injury to the tissue occurs after: cut, abrasion, bruise, burn or insect bite Aids destruction of microbes and prevents spread, toxins, and dead cells |
| Signs and symptoms of Inflammation | Redness (Rubor)-increased circulation and vasodilation in injured tissues Warmth (Calor)- heat given off by increased blood flow Swelling (Tumor)- increased fluid escaping into the tissues as blood vessels Pain (Dalor)- stimulation of nerve endings |
| Chief Functions of Inflammation | 1. Mobilize and attract immune components to site of injury 2. To set in motion mechanisms to repair tissue damage and localize and clear harmful substances 3. To destroy and block microbes from further invasion |
| Two unique properties of WBC | Diapedesis: Migration of cells out of blood vessels into the tissues Chemotaxis: Migration in response to specific chemicals at the site of injury or infection |
| Edema | Swelling; excess fluid in tissues (from blood stream), dilutes microorganisms products--> toxins |
| Fibrovsexudate | Fibrin forms a net to try and wall off microbe and prevent it from getting deeper into the tissue |
| Cytokines | Chemical mediators that regulate, stimulate, and limit immune reactions Produced by white blood cells and damaged tissue cells |
| Ex of Cytokines | Histamines, Interleukin 1, Interleukin 2 |
| Histamines | Produced by mast cells& basophils during inflammation and allergy; causes vasodilation, increased permeability |
| Interleukin 1 | produced by macrophages during specific immune response; stimulates B-cells/T-cells |
| Interleukin 2 | produced by helper T-cells during specific immune response; stimulates proliferation of T-cells and B-cells |
| Phagocytosis | 1. Surveys tissue compartments and discovers microbes/particular matter/ dead or injured cells 2. Ingest and eliminate these materials 3. Extract immunogenic info from foreign matter to assist 3rd L.O.D |
| Neutrophils | 55-90%- lobed nuclei with lavender granules, function as phagocytes, react early to bacteria and other foreign materials and to damaged tissue |
| Eosinophils | 1-3%- orange granules abd bilobed nucleus, destroy eukaryotic pathogens by phagocytosis, attracted to sites of parasitic infections and antigen-antibody reactions |
| Macrophages | Derive from monocytes; scavenge and process foreign substances to prepare them for reactions with B and T lymphocytes |
| Pathogen Recognition Receptors (Toll-like receptors) | Protein receptors within the cell membrane of macrophages, that detect foreign molecules and signal the macrophage to produce chemicals to stimulate an immune response |
| Pathogen- Associated patterns (PAMPS) | Molecules shared by microorganisms (Peptidoglycan, outer membrane) |
| Mechanisms of Phagocytosis | Chemotaxis&ingestion- phagocytes migrate&recognize PAMPs, engulfs microbe in a phagosome Phagolysosome formation- lysosome fused with phagosome (death=30 min) Destruction&elimination of debris- due to lysosome products: Lysozome, DNase, RNase, protease |
| The complement system | -Involved at several levels of immunity -consists of 26 blood proteins that work to destroy some bacteria/viruses -complement factors (proteins found in blood stream) produced by liver, lymphocytes, monocytes -works in cascade reaction like blood clot |
| The compliment system | -Three pathways: Classical, Alternative, Lectin -activated by microbes, parts of microbes, cytokines, antibodies -end product= membrane attack complex (MAC): Large ring shaped protein that digests holes in cell membrane of bacteria/viruses |
| Four stages of complement cascade | 1. Initiation- beginning of reaction 2. Amplivication and cascade- activation of complement factors 3. Polymerization- assembly of the membrane attack complex 4. Membrane attack- insertion of MAC to produce 100s of tiny holes in pathogens membrane |
| Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) | -Kills microbe by digesting holes in surface - Acts as chemotactic agent (for phagocytosis) - Stimulates inflammation -Opsonization= coats the microbe augment phagocytosis-enhances grabbing of microbe during phagocytosis |
| Fever | Abnormally elevated body temperature |
| Body temperature is regulated by what gland? | Hypothalmus |
| Fever is initiated by what? | Circulating pyrogens which reset the hypothalamus to increase body temp; signals muscles to increase heat production and vasoconstriction |
| Sources of pyrogen | Exogenous Pyrogens- products of infectious agents, vaccines Endogenous Pyrogens- liberated by monocytes, neutrophils and macrophages during phagocytosis; interleuikin 1 and timor necrosis factor (TNF) |
| Benefits of fever | 1.Inhibits multiplication of heat sensitive microbes 2. Prevents the nutrition of bacteria by reducing the availably of iron 3. increases metabolism and stimulates immune reactions and physiological processes |
| Interferons | small protein produced by certain WBC and tissue cells in response to viruses, RNA, immune products, and various antigens. They bind to cell surfaces and induce expression of antiviral proteins and inhibit expression of cancer genes |
| EX of interferons | Interferon alpha-lymphocytes& macrophages interferon beta- fibroblasts& epithelial cells interferon gamma- T-cells |
| Natural Killer Cells | |
| Is the third line of defense innate or acquired? | ACQUIRED |
| Immunocompetence | The dual system of B and T lymphocytes |
| Antigen | Molecules that stimulate a response by T-cells and B-cells |
| Two features that characterize specific immunity | Specificity and Memory |
| Specificity | Antibodies and killer cells produced, function only against the antigen that they were produced in response to |
| Memory | Lymphocytes are programmed to "recall" their first encounter with an antigen and respond rapidly to subsequent encounters |
| Separate but related activities of the specific immune response | 1. Development and differentiation of the immune system 2. Lymphocytes and antigen processing 3. The cooperation between lymphocytes during antigen presentation 4. B-lymphocytes and the production and action of antibodies 5. T-lymphocyte responses |
| Major functions of receptors in the immune system are what? | 1. To perceive and attach to non self or foreign molecules 2. To promote the recognition of self molecules 3. To receive and transmit chemical messages among other cells of system 4. To aid in cellular development |
| Natural Molecules (Makers) | - Molecules present in the cell membrane that tell immune system that they belong to the body -Composition is genetically determined by one important set called: Major histocompatibility complex or MHC - Receptors found on all cells except RBCs |
| Class 1 genes for MHC | markers that display unique characteristics of self molecules and regulation of immune reactions -required for T-lymphocytes |
| Class 2 genes for MHC | regulatory receptors found on macrophages, dendritic cells, and B-cells -involved in presenting antigen T-cells |
| Foreign Molecule Makers (Markers) | -Also called antigens or PAMPS - Ag is a substance that provokes and immune response in specific lymphocytes -Property of behaving as an antigen in antigenicity -can be part of a cell wall, cell membrane, capsule, flagella, toxin, virus envelope |
| Foreign Molecule Makers (markers) contd.. | Have molecular composition: -Protein (enzymes, exotoxins) -lipoprotein (cell membrane) -glycoproteins -nucleoprotein (DNA) -polysaccharide (capsules) |
| Lymphocyte Receptors | 1. Function in surveillance and recognition 2. B-cell receptors- bind free antigens=not processed by APC 3. T-cell receptors- bind processed antigens together with MHC molecules on the cells that present antigens to them=basically processed by APC |
| Autoimmune Disease | -When tolerance is not working and the immune system fails in distinguishing between self and non-self -The immune cells react to self and mounts up an attack on the body's own cells |
| B-CELLS: | 1. Mature in bone marrow 2. Become plasma cells 3. Produce antibodies 4. Provide humoral immunity |
| T-CELLS: | 1. Mature in thymus 2. Become killer T-cells 3. Whole cell kills pathogen 4. Provides cell-mediated immunity |
| Clonal Selection Theory | Lymphocyte development and differentiation; B and T lymphocytes undergo maturation before being ready to fight for the body. (begins before birth) |
| Development of lymphocytes | 1. Develop in bone marrow 2. Differentiate into either B-cells or T-cells 3. B-cells stay in bone marrow, T-cells migrate to thymus 4. Both B&T cells migrate to secondary lymphoid tissue |
| Clonal Section | -First introduction of each type of antigen into the immune system selects a genetically distinct lymphocyte - Causes it to expand into a clone of cells that can react to that antigen |
| B-cell Maturation | 1. Occur in bone marrow 2. Has immunoglobulin as surface receptors for antigens 3. Receptor placed on B-cells is antibody molecule=IgM or IgD 4. "home" to specific sites in the lymph nodes, spleen and GALT |
| Receptor genes of B cells govern what | immunoglobulin synthesis (Ig) |
| Immunoglobulins | large glycoproteins that serve as specific receptors of B cells |
| T-cell Maturation | 1. Directed by thymus gland and its hormones 2. Receptor on T-cell is two parallel proteins 3. Different classes of T-cell receptors termed CD 4. CD4 & CD8 5. Mature T-cells migrate to lymphoid organs |
| T-cell Receptors for Antigen | -Formed by genetic recombination, which variable and constant regions - 2 parallel polypeptide chains - small, not secreted |
| Microbes entering the body are recognized by what? | immune system cells |
| The macrophage is the what? | Antigen presenting cell (APC) of the body |
| What is the function of a macrophage? | To enguld microbe, digest it, and put a part of the microbe on its surface to present to lymphocyte |
| T-cell dependent antigens must be processed by what type of phagocytes? | Antigen presenting cell (APC) |
| Interleukin 1 is secreted by APC to activate which cells? | Helper T cells |
| Interleukin 2 is produced by Helper T cells to activate which cells? | B cells and other T cells |
| Helper T cells are first activated by who? | The macrophage |
| Helper T cells are activated by antigen presenting cell in 2 steps: | Physical Stimulus: Physical contact between helper T cells and APC Chemical Stimulus: APC secretes interleukin 1 |
| Helper T cells activate B cells in 2 steps: | Physical stimulus: Physical contact between B cell and helper T cell Chemical Stimulus: Helper T cell secretes cytokine: Interleukin 2 |
| B cells produce 2 types of cells: | 1. Plasma Cells 2. Memory Cells |
| Plasma cells produce what? | Antibodies |
| what do antibodies function to do? | 1. Opsonization= augments phagocytosis 2. Activates compliment= MAC 3. Antigen-antibody aggregates= cause large clumps, ties up microbe 4. Neutralization= microbe cannot bind to target cell |
| Do memory B cells have a long or short lifespan? | Long lifespan; lives in lymph tissue |
| What are the 5 classes of antibodies? | 1. IgM 2. IgG 3. IgA 4. IgD 5. IgE |
| IgM | Exists as pentamer, circulates in blood First antibody produced by plasma cell |
| IgG | Monometer, most prevalent antibody in fluids Second antibody produced by plasma cell; produced by memory cells Provides long term immunity Only antibody that crosses the placenta |
| IgA | monometer or dimer fount at surface of membranes=saliva, mucous, tears, colostrum called secretary IgA |
| IgD | Monometer, still a mystery small amounts in blood serves as receptor on educated B cells |
| IgE | monometer uncommon in blood unless one has allergy or parasitic worm infection stimulates histamine release |
| What antibody is produced during the First exposure to a microbe? | Plasma cells produce: First IgM in small amounts Second IgM in large amounts |
| What antibody is produced during the Second exposure to a microbe? | Memory B cells produce: IgG in large amounts=Long term immunity |
| Helper T cells and APC activate Cytotoxic T cells in 2 steps: | 1. Physical Stimulus- APC contacts cytotoxic T cell with antigen 2. Chemical Stimulus- Helper T cell secretes interleukin 2 |
| Activated cytotoxic T cells produce what 2 types of cells? | 1. Killer T cells (cytotoxic T cells)- seeks and destroys antigen containing cells with lymphotoxins 2. Memory T cell |
| What are lymphotoxins? | Granzymes made by killer t cells that go into the cell and tell it to kill itself. Granyzmes contain perforins that poke holes in membrane's surface |
| What are the 5 types of T cells? | Helper T cells (CD4), Cytotoxic T cells (CD8), Natural Killer T cells, Supressor T cells, Delayed hypersensitivity T cells |
| What is natural active immunity? | Getting the infection; acquiring the disease and having the immune system actively produce antibodies and killer T cells against the microorganism and produce memory B and T cells for long lived protection; activates sulfa made |
| What is natural passive immunity? | Mother to child; A special bond between mother and baby where the mother provides antibodies to protect her infant; Either baby gets mothers IgG in the utero, or baby gets IgA from breast feeding |
| What is passive immunity? | immune serum globulin (ISG), gamma globulin, contains immunoglobulin extracted from pooled blood; acts immediately- protection lasts 2-3 months |
| What is artificial active immunity? | vaccination; deliberately exposing a person to material that is antigenic but not pathogenic so the body can build antibodies against that particular antigen |
| Most vaccines are prepared from | 1. Killed whole cells or inactivated viruses 2. Live, attenuated cells of viruses 3. Antigenic molecules derived from bacterial cells or viruses 4. Genetically engineered microbes or microbial agents |
| Killed or inactivated vaccines | Cultivate the desired strain, treat it with formalin or some other agent that kills the agent but does not destroy its antigenicity; often requires a large dose and more boosters to be effective |
| Live attenuated cells or viruses | Process that substantially lessens or negates the virulence of viruses of bacteria- eliminates virulence factors |
| Advantages of live preparation of vaccines are: | 1. Organisms can multiply and produce infection (but not disease) like the natural organism 2. Confer long lasting protection 3. Usually require fewer dosages& boosters |
| Disadvantages of live preparation of vaccines are: | 1. Require special storage 2. Can be transmitted to other people 3. Can conceivably mutate back to virulent strain |
| Acellular or subcellular vaccines | Exact antigenic determinants can be used when known: Capsules-pneumococcus, meningococcus surface protein- anthrax, hepatitis B exotoxins- diptheria, tetanus |
| Genetically engineered vaccines | insert genes for pathogens antigen into a plasmid vector, and clone them in an appropriate host |
| Are viruses alive? | No; has no kingdom or domain |
| Can viruses exist independent of a host cell? | No |
| Can viruses multiply or do metabolism without a host cell? | No |
| Do viruses resemble other cells? | No; lack protein-synthesizing machinery |
| What are the only things viruses contain? | Parts needed to invade and control a host cell |
| How big are viruses? | ultramicroscopic (NM) |
| Virus particles are composed of what? | A covering & central core |
| Coverings of a virus particle are composed of what two things? | 1. capsid: surrounds nucleic acid, composed of protein, all viruses have one 2. envelope: surrounds the capsid; composed of host cells membrane; not all viruses have an envelope No envelope=naked cell |
| The central core of a virus particle is composed of what two things? | 1. Nucleic acid molecule= genetic info for the virus, can be either RNA or DNA, single stranded or double stranded 2. Various proteins= contains enzymes for specific operations within the host cell, such as copying nucleic acid |
| What is the Lytic Phase of viral multiplication? | replicates and makes more viral particles |
| What is adsorption in regards to the lytic phase of viral multiplication? | virus attaches to specific receptors on host cell |
| what is penetration in regards to the lytic phase of viral multiplication? | Virus or part of the virus enters the host cell |
| what is nucleic acid replication in regards to the lytic phase of viral multiplication? | virus multiplies nucleic acid and viral parts |
| What is protein production in regards to the lytic phase of viral multiplication? | virus uses host's cells to produce protein coverings and enzymes via protein synthesis |
| What is assembly in regards to the lytic phase of viral multiplication? | viral particles are put together |
| What is release in regards to the lytic phase of viral multiplication? | viral particles are released in one of two ways: Naked virions: lyse cells enveloped virions: budding& viral spikes |
| What is the Lysogenic phase of viral multiplication? | after the virus particle has entered the host cell; the virus DNA inserts into the host DNA and remains there for an undetermined amount of time |
| DNA VIRUSES | - Most multiply in the nucleus -All DNA viruses are double stranded except for paroviruses, which have ssDNA |
| RNA VIRUSES | -Most multiply in the cytoplasm -All RNA viruses are single-stranded except for dsRNA reoviruses |
| Some viruses establish what? | Long term, persistent infections that last many years or a lifetime |
| 2 types of persistent infections: | Chronic infections- virus is detectable in tissue samples; multiplies at a slow rate; symptoms are mild or absent Latent infections-after lytic cycle, virus enters a dormant phase; generally not detectable; can reactivate |
| Poxviruses | -Enveloped -produce eruptive skin pustulates=pocks or pox-leave scars -largest and most complex animal virus -have largest genome of all viruses -dsDNA -Multiply in cytoplasm in factory areas -Specificity-epidermal cells/subcutaneous conn. tissue |
| Variola | smallpox; first disease to be eliminated by vaccine; exposure through inhalation or skin contact; infection associated with fever, malaise, prostration, rash |
| Variola major | highly virulent, causes toxemia, shock, and intravascular coagulation |
| Variola minor | less virulent; incubation 7-17 days |
| Who first made the discovery that exposure to vaccinia (cowpox) would protect against variola? | Edward Jenner |
| What was used as a vaccination for variola? | vaccinia |
| Many mammalian groups host some poxvirus such as: | cowpox, rabbitpox, mousepox, elephantpox |
| Humans are susceptible to which mammalian poxviruses? | monkeypox & cowpox |
| Monkeypox in humans causes what symptoms to occur? | skin pocks, fever, swollen lymph nodes, |
| Cowpox in humans | rare, usually confined to hands, other cutaneous sites can be involved |
| Herpesviruses | enveloped; eight kinds; all members show latency and cause recurrent infection; become more severe with advancing age, cancer chemotherapy, or other conditions that compromise the immune defenses; common and serious opportunists among AIDS patients |
| Herpes simplex: 2 varieties | HSV-1: lesions on the oropharynx, cold sores, fever blisters; occurs in early childhood HSV-2:Lesions on the genitelia, possibly oral; occurs in ages 14-29; can be spread without visible lesions |
| Herpes simplex viruses are transmitted how? | Direct exposure to secretions containing the virus; active lesions, most significant source=genital herpes- can be transmitted in the absence of lesions |
| Where do HSV multiply? | in sensory neurons, moves to ganglia |
| Where does HSV-1 enter? | 5th cranial nerve- trigeminal nerve |
| Where does HSV-2 enter? | lumbosacral spinal nerve, trunk of ganglia |
| Recurrent infection is caused by what? | various stimuli such as: stress, UV radiation, fever, mechanical injury |
| What is the most common recurrent HSV-1 infection? (TYPE 1) | Herpes labialis-fever blisters, cold sores; vesicles occur on mucocutaneous junction of lips or adjacent skin; itching and tingling prior to vesicle formation; lesion crusts over in 2-3 days and heals |
| (TYPE 2) Genital Herpes | starts with malaise, anorexia, fever, and bilateral swelling and tenderness in the groin; clusters of sensitive vesicles on the genitalia, perineum, and buttocks; urethritis, painful urination, cervicitis, itching; vesicles ulcerate |
| Herpes of the newborn | -HSV-1& HSV-2 -potentially fatal in the neonate and fetus - infant contaminated by mother before or during birth -infection of mouth, skin, eyes, CNS -preventative screening in pregnant women; delivery by C-section if outbreak occurs at time of birth |
| what is HSV-1 encephalitis? | a rare complication but most common sporadic form of viral encephalitis in the U.S; those with immunodeficiency are prone to severe disseminated herpes |
| Treatment of HSV-1 encephalitis... | Acyclovir/ vaccinia |
| What is Varicella? | chickenpox acquired: droplets, contact with vesicles symptoms: skin lesions that progress from raised red bump to itchy fluid filled vesicles that crust over |
| What is Herpes Zoster | Shingles Only in persons who have previously had chickenpox; virus is dormant in sensory ganglia of certain dermatomes, reoccurring vesicles appear in those associated dermatomes symptoms: tingling at site, painful vesicles erupt |
| What is the treatment for chickenpox? | Active infection, self limiting; varicella vaccine=varivnx, live attenuated |
| What is the treatment for shingles? | Acyclovir or famciclovir; high dosage interferon; zostavax (new shingles vaccine-recommended for persons over 60 yrs of age) |
| Epstein-Barr Virus=EBV | can also remain latent; causes infectious mononucleosis acquired: direct oral contact with infected person or contaminated saliva symptoms: sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, fever, extreme fatigue, inflammation of liver or spleen |
| Complications of Epstein-Barr Virus | Burkitt lymphoma- B cell malignancy; develops in jaw and grossly swells cheek Nasopharyngeal carcinoma- malignancy of epithelial cells; occurs in older chinese and african men |
| Treatment for Epstein-Barr virus | directed at relief of symptoms of fever and sore throat; may be treated with IV gamma globulin, interferon, acyclovir, monoclonal antibodies |
| What is cytomegalovirus=CMV? | a mono-like disease present in even healthy individuals acquired: saliva, respiratory droplets, urine, sexual contact, breast milk |
| What three groups have serious disease in reaction to cytomegalovirus? | Fetus, newborn, immunodeficient adults |
| CMV causes what to happen to the nucleus? | distortion of the nucleus "owl eyes", cellular enlargement |
| Human Herpes Virus 6 or 7 | casuses roseola acquired: direct oral contact symptoms: sudden high fever, faint maculopapular rash on neck, trunk, and buttocks; associated with multiple sclerosis |
| Human Herpes Virus 8 | associated with Kaposi's sarcoma; seen mostly in AIDS patients |
| Hapatitis | an inflammatory disease of liver cells that may result from several viruses; interferes with livers excretion of bile pigments, bilirubin accumulates in the blood and tissues causing jaundice |
| Three principal viruses caused by hepatitis | Hepatitis A- RNA enterovirus Hepatitis B- DNA virus Hepatitis C- RNA virus |
| Hepatitis A=HAV | acquired: contaminated food and water, shellfish that live in contaminated water symptoms: anorexia, general malaise, nausea, diarrhea, fever, chills, jaundice no chronic infection treatment-vaccine havrax |
| Hepatitis B-HBV | acquired: blood transfusions, sex, drug users-needles, infected mother to baby, shared toothbrushes/razors symptoms: 30% asymptomatic fever, loss of appetite, abdominal discomfort, nausea, fatigue, rash, joint pain, jaundice cirrhosis/liver cancer |
| Treatment for HBV | chronic infections-alpha interferon HBV vaccine: Children=engenrix-B, Recombivax Adults= twinrix |
| Hepatitis C=HCV | acquired: organ transplant or clotting factors, blood transfusions, drug users sharing needles symptoms: jaundice, fatigue, dark urine, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea chronic infections cause cirrhosis and cancer |
| Treatment for HCV | No vaccine; Alpha interferon and rib avirin |
| papovaviruses | nonenveloped DNA virus |
| Human papilloma virus=HPV | cause warts or papilloma= benign, squamous epithelial growth acquired: direct contact with wart or fomites |
| Types of HPV | common or seed wart= occurs mostly on hands plantar warts- occurs on soles of feet genital warts- most common STD, occurs on external/internal genitalia; most common are vagina&head of penis |
| Some strains of HPV lead to what? | cervical cancer/cancer of penis |
| Treatment for HPV | interferon, remove warts with laser, cauterization, freezing, podophyllin, gardasil |
| Parvoviruses | cause a number of pet diseases |
| Erythrovirus= B19 | casuses erythema infectiosum or fifth disease characteristics: fever, "slapped face" rash on cheeks |
| Russian doctor that had a number list of common red viral rashes in children | Nils Filatov |
| List of common red viral rashes in children | 1. Rubeola 2. Rubella 3. Varicella 4. Roseola 5. erythema infectiosum |
| Orthomyxovirus | Causes influenza; Has 3 distinct influenza virus types: A, B, C; A causes most infections, classified by viral spikes (glycoproteins), both glycoproteins undergo genetic changes that decrease the effectiveness of the host immune response |
| 2 viral spikes (glycoproteins) | hemagglutinin, neuraminidase |
| antigenic drift | minor change in single virus caused by small mutations during normal viral replication |
| antigenic shift | major change occurring when genome segments from two viral strains recombine while infecting the same organism |
| Influenza A | Acute, highly contagious respiratory illness; most common among elderly and small children; binds to ciliated cells and respiratory mucosa and GI tract;Symptoms: Fever, headache,shortness of breath, pharyngeal pain, coughing, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea |
| Treatment and prevention of Influenza A | amantadine, Tamiflu (rimantadine), Relenza (zanamivir) (within 48 hrs of symptoms) vaccine- Traditional: inject inactivated viruses of three different strains FluMist- contains temp safe attenuated virus that will replicate in nasal passage/cooler |
| Influenza B | causes milder version of the flu; only undergo antigenic drift |
| Influenza C | known to cause only minor respiratory disease; probably not involved in epidemics |
| Reye's Syndrome | associated with previous viral infection (chickenpox or flu) and ASPIRIN; usually effects children between 4-12 years; most common at age 6;most harmful to BRAIN&LIVER |
| Symptoms of Reyes Syndrome | recurrent vomiting, listlessness, personality changes (irritability or combativeness) disorientation, confusion, delirium, convulsions, loss of consciousness |
| Treatment of Reyes Syndrome | maintaing blood glucose and electrolytes, treat brain swelling, |
| Guillain Barre's Syndrome | Occurs after patient has had respiratory or gastrointestinal viral infection, influenza vaccine, or Campylobacter jejune disease; occurs in adults more than children |
| Symptoms& Treatment of Guillain Barre's Syndrome | varying degrees of weakness and sensory loss, tingling in legs, full body paralysis Treatment: plasmapheresis and high-dose immunoglobulin therapy |
| Paramyxovirus | causes parainfluenza; respiratory transmission; seen mostly in children; minor cold, bronchitis, bronchopneumonia, croup; no specific treatment available; supportive therapy |
| Paramyxovirus | Also causes mumps; epidemic parotitis; incubation 2-3 weeks; humans are only reservoir; Symptoms: inflammation of one or both parotid salivary glands, fever, myalgia, malaise Treatment: Disease-symptoms, Preventative-MMR (live attenuated strain) |
| Morbillivirus | causes measles; red measles & rubeola; very contagious-transmitted by respiratory aerosols; humans are only reservoir; virus invades respiratory tract; Symptoms: sore throat, dry cough, headache, conjunctivitis, lymphadenitis, fever, koplik spots |
| What are Koplic spots? | oral lesions; symptom of measles |
| More symptoms of Morbillivirus include: | red rash, papular, on head then trunk and extremities; lasts 10 days; more serious complication s subacute sclerosing pan encephalitis (SSPE)= a neurological degeneration of the cerebral cortex, white matter, and brain stem |
| Treatment of Morbillivirus | Disease=symptoms Preventative= MMR (live attenuated strain/ M=Measles, M=Mumps, R= Rubella) |
| Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) | pneumovirus; infects upper respiratory tract and produces giant multinucleate cells; most prevalent cause of respiratory infection in children 6 months or younger; epithelia of nose and eye=portal of entry; replicates in nasopharynx |
| Symptoms of Respiratory Syncytial Virus | acute bouts of coughing=croup, fever, rhinitis, pharyngitis, otitis |
| Treatment of Respiratory Syncytial Virus | Synagis- palivizumab; monoclonal antibody blocks viral attachment; use a preventative once a month; immunoglobulin; ribavirin |
| Rhabdovirus= Lyssavirus | causes rabies; enveloped-bullet shape visions; slow, progressive zoonotic disease; primary reserviors=wild mammals=foxes, skunks, raccoons, bats, coyote, bobcats, even household pets; virus enters through bite&grows at trauma site for a week and multiple |
| Clinical phases of rabies | Prodromal Phase: fever, nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue, some experience pain, burning, tingling sensations at site of wound Furious Phase- agitation, disorientation, seizures, twitching, hydrophobia Dumb Phase- paralyzed, disoriented, stuporous |
| Treatment for Rhabdovirus | passive and active post exposure immunization; infuse wound with human rabies immune globulin; vaccination with human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV); inactivated vaccine given in 4 injections (day 0,3,7,14) |
| Coronaviruses | Relatively large in RNA viruses with distinctively specced spikes on their envelopes; common in domesticated animals; 3 types of human coronaviruses have been characterizes=cold, enteric virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome |
| Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome | transmitted through droplet or direct contact; symptoms: fever, body aches, malaise; treatment is supportive |
| Togavirus | Rubivirus causes Rubella; also known as German Measles; Transmitted through contact with respiratory secretions; commonly reported in adolescents and young adults; no specific treatment available; attenuated viral vaccine MMR |
| Two clinical forms of Rubella | Postnatal Rubella & Congenital Rubella |
| Postnatal Rubella | malaise, fever, sore throat, lymphadenopathy, rash, generally mild; lasts about 3 days |
| Congenital Rubella | Infection in 1st trimester, most likes to induce miscarriage or multiple defects such as: cardiac abnormalities, ocular lesions, deafness, mental and physical retardation |
| How are coronaviruses acquired? | respiratory droplets |
| Symptoms& Treatment of coronavirus | sudden severe symptoms of high fever, headache, body aches, mild respiratory symptoms at onset, pneumonia, and diarrhea Treatment: none/hospitalization with support care for severe cases |
| West Nile Virus | causes viral encephalitis; Biological Vector-mosquito |
| Symptoms of West Nile Virus | 80% no symptoms, 20% fever, headache, body aches, nausea, vomiting, swollen lymphs or rash on chest, stomach and back, <1% viral encephalitis: high fever, headache, neck stiffness, stupor, disorientation, coma, tremors, convulsions, muscle weakness |
| Retroviruses | Causes immondeficiency syndrome (AIDS); first isolated in 1983 from scientists at the Pasteur institute in france; developed in Africa from SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus); first documented human case in 1959 |
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus | Retrovirus, genus lentivirus; encode reverse transcriptase enzyme which makes double stranded DNA from the single stranded RNA genome; permanently integrated into host DNA; 6th most common death among people ages 25-44 in US |
| How does HIV enter the body? | Mucous membrane of skin and travels to dendritic phagocytes beneath the epithelium, multiplies and is shed |
| HIV is taken up and amplified by what? | macrophages in the skin, lymph organs, bone marrow and blood |
| AIDS | A severe immunodeficiency disease arising from infection with HIV and accompanied by some of the following symptoms: life threatening opportunistic infections, persistent fever, unusual cancers, chronically swollen lymph nodes, weight loss, diarrhea |
| Stages of AIDS/ First stage: | Stage A: lasts 2 months, antibody negative, acute symptoms of HIV-swollen lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, headaches, malaise, rash |
| Stages of AIDS/ Second stage: | Stage B: lasts 2-15 yrs, antibody positive, virus is latent |
| Stages of AIDS/ Third stage: | Stage C: When <200 CD4s, AIDS symptoms appear including: fever, swollen lymph nodes, diarrhea, weight loss, neurological symptoms, opportunistic infections, cancer |
| Treatment for AIDS | HAART (highly active anti-retroviral therapy); includes 2 reverse transcriptase inhibitors and one pot ease inhibitor; receptor blocker; no vaccine |
| Mother to Child transfer of AIDS | usually transferred during birth or breast feeding; mother is given antiretroviral therapy (AZT) during 2nd and 3rd trimester, C-section; baby treated after delivery; formula is used |
| Poliovirus | causes poliomyelitis- acute enteroviral infection of spinal cord that can cause neuromuscular paralysis; poiliovirus-naked capsid-resistant to acid, bile, and detergents; transmitted by fecal-oral route |
| poliovirus adheres to what? | receptors of mucosal cells in oropharynx and intestine; multiply in numbers and shed in throat, feces, some leak into blood; some develop nonspecific symptoms of fever, headache, nausea, sore throat, myalgia; if nervous tissue |
| Symptoms of poliovirus | 90% no symptoms, 5% fever, headache, sore throat, vomiting, loss of appetite, myalgia, 2% virus enters CNS invades motor neurons, <2% paralytic various degrees of flaccid paralysis |
| Post-polio syndrome (PPS) | progressive muscle deterioration; occurs in 20-25% patients infected with poliovirus in childhood; treatment: largely supportive for pain and suffering; respiratory failure may require artificial ventilation; physical therapy may be needed |
| Prevention of PPS | vaccination: inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) Salk vaccine; oral polio vaccine (OPV) Sabin vaccine, attenuated cirus |
| National Vaccination Days | WHO campaign to eradicate polio; no cases un US since 1991; Now only in pockets of Africa, parts of middle east |
| Famous people with polio include | Franklin Roosevelt, Itzhak Pearlman (famous violinist) |
| Coxsackieviruses | causes: hand, foot and mouth disease; acquired: oral-fecal route; symptoms: mild flu-like symptoms, sudden high fever, headache, myalgia, sore throat, abdominal pain, nausea, painful red blisters in mouth, buttocks, genitals, palms of hands& soles of feet |
| Treatment for coxsackieviruses | self limited disease; Tylenol (For fever), cold milk with maalox (coats it) + benadryl (for inflammation) |
| Norovirus or Norwalk agent | In calicivirus family; causes viral gastroenteritis; acquired: contaminated food or water; symptoms: diarrhea, vomiting, fever, cramps; common in outbreaks of schools, cruise ships, camps, nursing homes |
| Rotavirus | In reovirus family; causes viral gastroenteritis; acquired: contaminated food or water; symptoms: watery diarrhea, vomiting, fever Treatment: replace fluids, electrolytes, Two vaccines available: Rota Teq. or Rotarix |
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