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AP CH 16

TermDefinition
Telomerase An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells to restore their original length after shortening during DNA replication.
Telomeres Special nucleotides sequences at the end of eukaryotic chromosomal DNA that do not contain genes
Nucleoid Dense region of DNA in a bacterium
Chromatin Complex of DNA and protein
Heterochromatin Highly condensed, interphase chromatin.
Euchromatin True Chromatin
DNA replication The process by which a DNA molecule is copied, and how cells repair their DNA.
Transformation A change in genotype and phenotype due to assimilation of external DNA by a cell.
Virus DNA, sometimes RNA, enclosed by a protective coat, which is often simply a protein.
Double Helix A helixical shape of two strands of DNA
Antiparallel The subunits of the two sugar-phosphase backbones rin in opposite directions.
Semiconservative Model Type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the parental molecule, and one newly made strand
Origins of Replication Short stretches of DNA having a specific sequence of nucleotides where replication of the molecule begins
Replication fork Y shaped region where the parental strands of DNA are being unwound.
Helicase Enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks, separating the two parental strands and making them available as template strands.
Topoisomerase Breaks, Swivels, and rejoins DNA strands ahead of the replication fork to allevate the strain of twisting.
Primer A short stretch of RNA that is the initial nucleotide chain produced during DNA synthesis.
Primase Enzyme that synthesizes the primer (RNA chain). Starts complementary RNA chain from a single RNA nucleotide.
DNA Polymerase Enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of new DNA by adding nucleotides to a preexisting chain
Leading Strands The new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template strand toward the replication fork in the mandatory 5' - 3' direction.
Lagging Strands A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments each synthesized in a 5' - 3' direction away from the replication fork.
Okazaki Fragments Fragments of the lagging strand
DNA Ligase
Mismatch Repair Enzymes remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides that resulted from replication error.
Nuclease DNA-cutting enzyme that cut out segments of damaged DNA.
Nucleotide excision repair DNA repair system: uses undamaged strand as a guide to repair damaged strand
Created by: Basketcaisse21
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