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Biology 9.4 Part 1
Biology- Nutrition and Digestion Chapter 9 Section 4 -FINISHED
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The organs of the digestive system form a tube that extends from the mouth to the anus. This tube called the ____ ____, includes the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, and rectum. | alimentary canal |
| _______ is the changing of food substances with large, complex chemical molecules into substances which have smaller, less complex molecules. | Digestion |
| Digestion takes place in a series of small steps that are controlled by special proteins called ______. | enzymes |
| A _______ is any substance which brings about or speeds up a chemical change but is not used up in the process. | catalyst |
| The enzymes which control digestion, known as ______ _____, are produced by tiny secreting bodies called digestive glands. | digestive enzymes |
| The enzymes which control digestion, known as digestive enzymes, are produced by tiny secreting bodies called ____ _____. | digestive glands |
| Inside the mouth, or ___ ____, food is lubricated and ground and digestion is begun. | oral cavity |
| The mucous membrane, which lines the oral cavity, is kept moist and lubricated by a slimy substance called _____, which is composed mainly of a compound of protein and sugar and is produced by the membrane's special secreting cells. | mucus |
| Separating the mouth from the nasal passages is the ______. | palate |
| The ________ functions to push food between the teeth and help mix the food with mucus and saliva. | tongue |
| Once the food has been broken down by the teeth, it is formed into a small ball, or _____, by the action of tongue and pushed to the back of the mouth so that it can be swallowed. | bolus |
| it serves as the roof of the mouth and works with the tongue, lips, and teeth to form words for speech | palate |
| Thousands of taste buds cover the tongue's exterior, arranged in tiny projections known as _____. | papillae |
| The digestive glands of the mouth are the ______ _______, which daily produce 1 to 1.5 liters of a sticky digestive juice called saliva. | salivary glands |
| The digestive glands of the mouth are the salivary glands, which daily produce 1 to 1.5 liters of a sticky digestive juice called ____. | saliva |
| In addition to water and some mucus, saliva contains digestive enzymes such as ___ ____, which begins the digestion of starch before food is even swallowed. | salivary amylase |
| The ___ function to cut, break, or crush food into smaller pieces so that it may be more easily digested. | teeth |
| the four front cutting teeth | incisors |
| the two tearing teeth which flank the incisors | cuspids |
| The four light-grinding teeth that are arranged as a pair on each side of the jaw next to the cuspids are called _______. | bisuspids |
| the six heavy-grinding teeth that are arranged three to a side at the back of the jaw | molars |
| The last molar on each side of the jaw is called a ____ _____. | wisdom tooth |
| At other times, they may erupt too close to the adjacent molar and become stuck, so that they fail to grow up through the gums; wisdom teeth in this position are referred to as ______. | impacted |
| Because digestive enzymes must penetrate the food molecule, ______, which breaks the food into small particles, increases the surface area of the food and thus aids digestion. | mastication |
| The general parts of a tooth are the _____, the ______, and the ______. | crown, neck, root |
| The ____, which consists mainly of blood vessels and nerves, is the inner part of the tooth. | pulp |
| The ______ is the bone like layer which surrounds the pulp and forms the bulk of the tooth. | dentine |
| The _______, a mineral substances which covers the crown, is the hardest substance in the human body. | enamel |
| The root of the tooth is fastened to the jaw by collagen fibers and a bonelike substance called ____. | cementum |
| The throat, or _____, is a funnel-shaped cavity at the back of the oral cavity. | pharynx |
| Tooth decay, or _____ ____ (commonly known as cavities) is the most common disease in man. | dental caries |
| The decay process begins when sugar mix with _______, a sticky colorless film of bacteria that is constantly forming on and between the teeth. | plaque |
| Any plaque which is not removed by daily brushing and flossing begins to build up and form a hard deposit called _____. | tartar |
| When plaque and tartar accumulate, the gums become tender and inflamed and are likely to bleed easily when the teeth are brushed. What is this disease? | gingivitis |
| If left untreated gingivitis may cause, _______, a disease in which the gums detach from the teeth and eventually the bones supporting the teeth are destroyed. | periodontitis |
| The ______, a foot - long, muscular tube which connects the pharynx with the stomach, lies behind the trachea (windpipe). | esophagus |
| This rhythmic wave of muscular contractions of the esophagus and digestive tract is called _______. | peristalsis |
| A small flap of cartilage in the pharynx, the ______, closes over the top of the windpipe as you swallow to prevent food from entering the respiratory tract rather than the digestive tract. | epiglottis |
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