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Biology
Meiosis, mendel
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| one of two or more possible forms of a character: a recognizable feature or characteristic of an organism | Trait |
| the science of heredity and of the mechanisms by which traits are passed from parents to offspring | genetics |
| type of organism whose ancestors are genetically uniform | purebred |
| mating of two organisms | cross |
| Mendel's first laws, stating that (1) organisms inherit two copies of genes, one from each parent, and (2) organisms donate only copy of each gene in their gametes because the genes separate during gamete formation | law of segregation |
| the most basic physical unit of heredity: a segment of nucleic acids that codes for a functions unit of RNA and/or a protein | gene |
| one of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic, such as hair color | allele |
| describes an individual that has identical alleles for a trait on both homologous chromosomes | homozygous |
| describes an individual that carries two different alleles of a gene | heterozygous |
| the complete genetic material contained in an individual or species | genome |
| the entire genetic makeup of an organism: also the combination of genes for one or more specific traits | genotype |
| an organisms appearance or other detectable characteristic that results from the organism's genotype and the environment | phenotype |
| in genetics, describes an allele that is fully expressed whenever the allele is present in an individual | dominant |
| in genetics, describes an allele that is expressed only when no dominant allele is present in an individual | recessive |
| a graphic used to predict the results of a genetic cross | punnet square |
| a cross between individuals that involves one pair of contrasting traits | monohybrid cross |
| cross between an organism with an unknown genotype and an organism with a recessive phenotype | testcross |
| a cross between individuals that have different alleles for the same gene | dihybrid cross |
| the law that states that genes separate independently of one another in meiosis | law of independent assortment |
| the likelihood that a possible future event will occur in any given instance of the event: the mathematical ratio of the number of times one outcome of any event is likely to occur to the number of possible outcomes of the event | probability |
| male gametes | sperm |
| female gametes | egg |
| one allele is not completely dominant over another. the heterozygous phenotype is somewhere in between the two homozygous phenotypes | incomplete dominance |
| both alleles contribute to the phenotype of the organism | codominance |
| can be used to predict the outcomes of genetic crosses, expressed as a fraction, ratio, decimal, or percentage: involves many trials | principle of probability |
| production of gametes(sex cells-sperm and eggs) occurs in ovaries and testes | meiosis |
| one form of a gene is usually dominant over the recessive form of the gene. Mendel discovered this when making his F1 generation from 2 purebred parents | Principle of dominance |
| proves the genes segregate when gametes are formed. recessive alleles did not dissapear but reappeared in the F2 generation [at some point the T allele separated from the t allele | Principle of segregation |
| Genes for differetn traits segregate independently from each other during the formation of gametes | Principle of Independent assortment |
| cell that contains two sets of chromosomes, 2N is the number of chromosomes for a species | diploid |
| threadlike structure inside the nucleus | chromosomes |
| cell that contains one set of chromosomes, N is the number of chromosomes for a species | haploid |
| means "four" | tetrad |
| pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis | synapsis |
| the exchange of genes by homologous chromosomes during meiosis | crossing-over |
| homologous chromosomes seperate | anaphase 1 |
| chromosomes (not tetrads) line up at equator | metaphase 2 |
| crossing over begins and also synapsis occurs | prophase 1 |
| both daughter cells divide, forming four haploid cells | telophase 2 |
| centromeres divide and sister chromatids separate | anaphase 2 |
| spindle fibers move chromosomes to equator | metaphase 1 and metaphase 2 |
| tetrads line up at equator | metaphase 1 |
| daughter cells form, but chromosomes are in replication form | telophase 1 |
| cell that makes up all of the body tissues and organs, except gametes | somatic cell |
| a haploid reproductive cell that unites with another haploid reproductive cell to form a zygote | gamete |
| a mutation in which one nucleotide is substituted for another, can often be caught and fixed by dna polymerase | point mutation |
| involves deletion or insertion of a nucleotide in the dna sequence and affects the polypoptide more and shifts. | frameshift mutation |
| what type of cell is produced during meiosis? | gametes and 4 haploid cells |
| will mutations in gametes be passed on to the offspring? | it can be passed on to offspring in offspring or egg cells |
| will mutations in body cells be passed on to offspring? | No they are not passed on to offspring |
| why is crossing over important? | it guarantees the genetic variability and making us different |
| how does meiosis increase genetic variability? | it increase genetic variability by crossing over and independent assortment |
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