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Invert Zoo Test 3
Review questions for Invertebrate Zoology Test #3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which three phyla are traditionally combined as the "lophophorates"? | Phoronida - elongated tube-dwelling worms, 1mm - 50cm long Bryozoa - encrusting moss-animals Brachiopoda - bottom-dwelling marine organism with dorsal-ventral shell arrangement |
| Why is "lophophorates" not considered a formal taxon name any longer? | With the advent of molecular taxonomies and 18 S RNA, molluscs group more closely to brachiopods than with bryozoans, meaning the lophophore evolved several times, or that the molluscs evolved from a lophophorate and subsequently lost it. |
| Name three features that all lophophorates have in common | Lophophore - a pair of spiral feeding structures located on the head superficially appearing like the feeding tentacles of a feather-duster worm Sessile Suspension-feeders U-shaped gut |
| Which habitat would you sample to get the highest density of Rotifers? | Particularly diverse in the littoral zone of stagnant water bodies with soft, slightly acidic water and under oligo- to mesotrophic conditions |
| What is the feeding mode of Chaetognaths? | Raptorial feeders, hang motionless in the water and dart forward to catch prey with "grasping spines" which surround the mouth. Some use tetrodotoxin to subdue prey prior to ingestion |
| Which two major clades constitute the Protostomia? | Ecdysozoa - Arthropoda, Onychophora, Tardigrada, Nematoda Spiralia - Rotifera, Platyhelminthes, Phoronida, Brachiopoda, Nemertea, Mollusca, Annelida, Bryozoa |
| For each clade belonging to Protostomia, name three phyla that belong to it. | Ecdysozoa - Arthropoda, Onychophora, Tardigrada, Nematoda Spiralia - Rotifera, Platyhelminthes, Phoronida, Brachiopoda, Nemertea, Mollusca, Annelida, Bryozoa |
| What is the sister group to the Protostomia? | Deuterostomia (mouth second) |
| What is cryptobiosis? | Dormant state, where the organism can survive extreme temperatures and desiccation. |
| Name invertebrates that can enter cryptobiosis. | Tardigrades |
| Describe how an onychophoran feeds. | Shoot jets of slime from oral papillae, slime denatures into a sticky substance called a "slime blob", trapping prey items and does not stick to the onychophoran |
| Approximately what percentage of all living species and of all animals do Arthropods represent? | 60% of all living species, 75% of all living animals |
| Name five morphological synapomorphies for Arthropoda | 1. Segmented body with tagmatization 2. Chitinous exoskeleton that molts 3. Absence of locomotory cilia 4. Have setae 5. Main body cavity is a hemocoel (open blood vessel system) |
| What is the difference between uniramous and biramous appendages? | Uniramous - legs with single branch, usually used just for locomotion Biramous - legs with 2 branches, outer is usually a flattened, gill, inner is used for walking or modified and used for eating, grasping, etc |
| What types of excretory and gas exchange organs occur in arthropods and how does their occurrence correlate to habitat? | Saccate Nephridia - typically aquatic, but can be found terrestrial, excretes ammonia. End sac is coelomic cavity lined with podocytes Malpighian Tubules - typically terrestrial, but saccate may be present too, excrete uric acid or guanine. |
| True or False. The main body cavity of arthropods is a hemocoel. | True |
| True or False. Compound eyes have powerful long-distance vision. | False, compound eyes make Arthropods relatively near-sighted |
| True or False. Arthropods have meroblastic cleavage. | True |
| True or False. Early development in Arthropods is syncytial. | True |
| True or False. Arthropods have a chitinous endoskeleton. | False. They have a chitinous exoskeleton. |
| Describe the difference between apposition and superposition eyes. | Apposition - each ommatidium is functionally isolated from neighbors, receives only small amount of light. Needs intense light, gives high visual acuity |
| When did trilobites live and when did they become extinct? | Lived in the Cambrian - Permian, and became extinct in the Permian - Triassic mass extinction (250 MYA) |
| What are the tagmata in chelicerates? What appendages do they have? | Prosoma - cehpalothorax Opisthosoma - abdomen Chelicerae - pincers = 1st appendage |
| Among the chelicerates, the classes __________ and __________ are marine whereas the class __________ includes mostly terrestrial species. | Merostomata - Horseshoe crab Pycnogonida - Sea spiders Arachnida - |
| Horseshoe crabs are often called living fossils because they have hardly changed for _________ years. | 500 million years |
| Sea spiders have an unusual reproductive system because the male broods the eggs on his __________. | Legs |
| 80% of all arachnid species are __________, __________ and __________. | Spiders, mites, and ticks |
| Name four morphological adaptations to the terrestrial lifestyle that occur in arachnids. | Malpighian tubules, uricotelic Waxy cuticle Book lungs Appendages modified for terrestrial locomotion Direct sperm transfer, direct development |
| How can you distinguish between a spider and a harvestman? | Harvestmen have no silk, toxins, or dangerous bites. Prosoma and opisthosoma fused |
| Name five functions that spider silk can have. | Forms egg case Male forms a sperm web Dragline - attaches to substratum Nest Web - for prey capture Ballooning |
| True or False. Chilopods have more legs than diplopods. | False, diplopoda have two pairs of legs per segment whereas chilopods only have one pair |
| True or False. Chilopods are predators. | True |
| True or False. Diplopods have fangs with poison glands | False, Diplopods are detritivores |
| True or False. Diplopods have repugnatorial glands | True |
| True or False. Diplopods have a pair of pinching anal legs | False, pinching anal legs are found on Chilopods |
| What is the typical crustacean larva called? How many segments and appendages does it have? | Nauplius larva. Has only the 1st three segments and their appendages |
| Put the following crustacean appendages in the correct order from anterior to posterior and indicate which tagma they belong to. Walking legs, Mandibles, Antenna, Maxillipeds, Maxillae, Antennule, Pleopods | Antennule - Head Antenna - Head Mandibles - Head Maxillae - Head Maxillipeds - Thorax Walking legs - Thorax Pleopods - Abdomen |
| Which of the following crustaceans do NOT belong in the class Malacostraca? Sea roach, barnacle, blue crab, mantis shrimp, copepod, amphipod, krill | Barnacle, blue crab, mantis shrimp, copepod, amphipod, krill |
| Why is it risky to keep a mantis shrimp in a glass tank? | Mantis shrimp deliver punches up to 23 m/s, which can break glass |
| Give an example of a crustacean species that falls into each of the following categories: Terrestrial, Invasive, Freshwater, Pelagic, Predator, Parasitic | Terrestrial - (Armadillidium vulgare) Invasive - (Procambarus clarkii) Freshwater - (Cambaridae) Pelagic - (Euphausiacea) Predator - (Odontodactylus scyllarus) Parasitic - (Cymothoa exigua) |
| Describe how snapping shrimp “snap”. | Oversize claw, when shut, creates jet of water traveling 100 km/hr and leaves a bubble which bursts and stuns prey. Bursting bubble also causes shrimpoluminescense |
| Which crustaceans are probably the most abundant metazoans on the planet? | Order Euphausiacea - Krill |
| Name three characteristics of barnacles that are very untypical for crustaceans | Calcareous shell that grows without molting Sessile Hermaphroditic |
| What are the body divisions in insects, how many segments does each consist of and which appendages does it have, including mouthparts? | Head - unk segments, Mouth parts - labrum, mandible, hypopharynx, maxilla, labium Thorax - 3 segments - Pro-, Meso-, and Metathorax, all with legs, and wings on the M's Abdomen - 9-11 segments, sensory cerci on 11th |
| Give examples of insects with each of the following types of feeding modes: Sucking, Piercing and sucking, Cutting and sponging, Sponging | Sucking - Lepidoptera (butterfly) Piercing and sucking - Diptera (mosquito) Cutting and sponging - Diptera (horseflies) Sponging - Diptera (blowflies) |
| Explain the difference between pterygote and apterygote insects. Give one example for each. | Pterygote - have wings, have ancestors with wings Apterygote - no wings, have no ancestors with wings |
| Name the different developmental modes in insects and give an example for each. | Ametabolous - silverfish Hemimetabolous - dragonflies Holometabolous - honeybees |
| Name four morphological adaptations to the terrestrial lifestyle that occur in insects. | Water loss - Waterproof cuticle and egg shell, Malpighian tubules, uricotelic, closeable spiracles Respiration - tracheae Reproduction - internal fertilization, spermatophores Locomotion - Flight and walking legs to support weight |
| Name the orders that the following insects belong to: Ladybug, Dragonfly, Butterfly, Cricket, Mosquito, Honey bee, Termite | Ladybug - Coleoptera Dragonfly - Odonata Butterfly - Lepidoptera Cricket - Orthoptera Mosquito - Diptera Honey bee - Hymenoptera Termite - Isoptera |
| Give a brief definition of eusociality. Which two orders of insects have eusocial representatives? | Cooperation in caring for the juveniles Reproductive division of labor with sterile and fertile castes Overlap of generations Examples: Hymenoptera and Isoptera |
| What kind of body wall musculature do nematodes have and how does that affect their locomotion? | Lack circular musculature, so they thrash about for locomotion |
| Which different nutritional modes occur in nematodes and what morphological adaptations to the respective feeding mode exist? | Bacteriovores - simple buccal cavity Plant-cell predators - Hollow stylet Carnivores - TEETH Parasites - structures to attach to host tissues |
| Which nematode (give the full scientific name) is a model organism for many fields of study? Name four reasons why it is an ideal model organism. | (Caenorhabditis elegans) - Simple, multicellular eukaryotic organism - easy and cheap maintenance in lab - short generational time (14 hrs) - Dauer larva - frozen and thawed - Full map of nervous system, study behaviors - 1998, genome sequenced |
| Give one example (scientific or specific common name) for a parasitic nematode and describe its life cycle. | Hookworm (Necator americanus) - lays eggs in feces, hatches into Rhabditiform larva, metamorphoses into Filariform larva which penetrates human host's skin, moving into the lungs, up the tracheae, and finally the intestinal tract |
| Which three major phyla form the deuterostomes? | Hemichordata Echinodermata Chordata |
| What is (Xenoturbella)? | Deuterostome originally thought to be a flatworm, discovered in Swedish fjords in 1949. Lacks gut, organized gonad, coelom, excretory structures, and nervous system |
| Which other worm-like taxon is most closely related to (Xenoturbella)? Why is it surprising that some molecular analyses place them in the deuterostomes? | Acoelomorpha, has ventral mouth, no anus, simple digestive cavity, are triploblastic |
| Explain the difference between schizocoely and enterocoely. | Schizocoely: endo- and ectoderm in ring around blastopore, mesoderm forms from cells that are out pocketing archenteron. Enterocoely: from gut, mesoderm forms from endoderm and ectoderm cells in a ring around blastopore, inside former blastocoel. |
| Which of the following are typical protostome (P) and which are deuterostome (D) characteristics? ___ Schizocoely ___ Radial cleavage ___ Mesoderm arises from mesentoblast ___ Dorsal nervous system ___ Blastopore becomes mouth | _P__ Schizocoely _D__ Radial cleavage _P__ Mesoderm arises from mesentoblast _D__ Dorsal nervous system _P__ Blastopore becomes mouth |
| What is catch connective tissue? | Collagenous material in Echinoderms that can change its mechanical properties through nervous control, enabling the sea star to change from moving flexibly along seabed to becoming rigid |
| How does the symmetry of an echinoderm change during metamorphosis? | Echinoderm larva are bilaterally symmetrical, but change to pentaradial symmetry |
| Give a definition of epitoky and two examples of polychaetes in which this phenomenon occurs (be as specific as possible). | A form of reproduction in polychaete worms where the adult worm transforms into an epitoke, a pelagic morph capable of sexual reproduction. Palolo worms, (Neris sp.) and (Syllidae sp.) are examples |
| What type of cleavage is typical for polychaetes? | Holoblastic spiral cleavage |
| Spoon-worms are not segmented, but how can you tell that they are annelids? | Through confocal laser microscopy, it can be seen that the nerve cord has repeating segments |
| What taxon does a Pelagosphera larva represent? | Sipuncula |
| Name three functions of the clitellum | Secretes a mucus that glues the worms together during sperm transfer. Forms a cocoon. Fills the cocoon with ambulin, on which the eggs will survive. |
| Describe how earthworms reproduce. | Worms attach to each other on their ventral sides, and are glued together by a mucus secreted by the clitellum. Each worm extrudes a penis and deposits sperm in the partner's spermatophore. Each clitellum then forms a cocoon as a brood chamber for eggs. |
| What are giant axons? In which taxon do they occur and where in the body? What is their function? | Very large nerve cells and fibers found in Oligochaetes and Polychaetes. Specifically for Oligochaetes, they are located mid-dorsal (sensory input from the head, quick reaction to danger) and dorsal-laterally (sensory input from the body). |
| How do leeches and oligochaetes differ from each other with respect to segmentation? | A leech does not have bristles, and its external body segmentation does not match its internal organ segmentation. Leeches always have 33 segments. Oligochaetes are segmented from anterior to posterior. |
| What are the benefits of using leeches for certain types of medical procedures, such as re-attachment surgery? | Components of their saliva, particularly the hirudin, functions as an anti-coagulant, vasodilator, and anesthetic, which allows the blood to continue flowing at a slow rate, even after the leech has been removed. |
| Why is the mitochondrial genome an important indicator for phylogenetic relationships? | Gene order and orientation vary among animal taxa, and allow scientists to classify them on traits more specific than morphological characters |
| Describe the difference between apposition and superposition eyes. | Superposition - Pigments do not completely shield adjacent pigments, light from single point received by multiple lenses. Common among nocturnal Arthropods |
| True or False. Many species of Rotifers can enter cryptobiosis | True |
| True or False. Members of Rotifers are strictly hermaphroditic | False |
| True or False. Rotifers are strictly marine | False |
| True or False. Rotifers have eutelic development | True |
| True or False. Rotifers can be found in both, planktonic and benthic environments | True |
| What phylum does an arrowworm belong to? | Cheateognatha |
| What is the arrowworm's habitat? | Marine, primarily planktonic with a few benthic species |
| The two major clades in Bilateria are? | Protostomia and Deuterostomia |
| The two major clades in Protostomia are? | Ecdysozoa and Spiralia/Lophophorates |
| The sister group to Deuterostomia is? | Protostomia |
| Possessing a cuticle and molting is a characteristic of which phylum? | Ecdysozoa |
| In which phylum would you find organisms commonly called "water bears"? | Tardigrada |
| True or False. Phylum Tardigrada includes freshwater, marine, and terrestrial species? | True |
| True or False. In Phylum Tardigrada, many freshwater species can enter into cryptobiosis | True |
| True or False. Water bears can be commonly found in meiofaunal communities | True |
| True or False. Water bears have gone to space? | True |
| Onychophora are commonly known as __________? | Velvet worms |
| Velvet worms have paired appendages called __________? | Lobopods |
| The cuticle of a velvet worm is comprised of __________? | Chitin |
| Compound eyes are formed by individual units called __________? | Ommatidia |
| Millipedes and Centipedes belong to the class __________. | Myriapoda |
| True or False. Centipedes have diplosegments. | False, Millipedes have diplosegments |
| True or False. Secretions from a millipede's repugnatorial gland can sedate spiders. | True |
| True or False. Some Centipedes are intertidal | True |
| In which class is it common to find a Nauplius larva form? | Class Crustacea |
| In the Arthropods, to which subphylum does the class crustacea belong? | Mandibulata |
| List three features remarkable to mantis shrimp vision. | Can detect circularly polarized light Have 16 photoreceptors Each eye stalk can move independently |
| Why do you have to be careful keeping Stomatopods in a glass tank? | They are voracious predators, eating all other fish. Larger specimens may be able to break the glass. Rock burrowing mantis shrimp can do more damage to live rock than one would want |
| List three aspects |
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