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Apologia Biology
Modules 1-7 vocabulary words for mid-term
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Metabolism | The sum total of all processes in an organism which convert energy and matter from outside sources and use that energy and matter to sustain the organism's life functions |
| Anabolism | The sum total of all processes in an organism which use energy and simple chemical building blocks to produce large chemicals and structures necessary for life |
| Catabolism | The sum total of all processes in an organism which break down chemicals to produce energy and simple chemical building blocks |
| Photosynthesis | The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight and simple chemicals to produce their own food |
| Herbivores | Organisms that eat only plants |
| Carnivores | Organisms that eat only organisms other than plants |
| Omnivores | Organisms that eat both plants and other organisms |
| Producers | Organisms that produce their own food |
| Consumers | Organisms that eat living producers and/or other consumers for food |
| Decomposers | Organisms that break down the dead remains of other organisms |
| Autotrophs | Organisms that are able to make their own food |
| Heterotrophs | Organisms that depend on other organisms for their food |
| Receptors | Special structures that allow living organisms to sense the conditions of their internal or external environment |
| Asexual reproduction | Reproduction accomplished by a single organism |
| Sexual reproduction | Reproduction that requires two organisms |
| Inheritance | The process by which physical and biological characteristics are transmitted from the parent (or parents) to the offspring |
| Mutation | An abrupt and marked change in the DNA of an organism compared to that of its parents |
| Hypothesis | An educated guess that attempts to explain an observation or answer a question |
| Theory | A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data |
| Scientific law | A theory that has been tested by and is consistent with generations of data |
| Microorganisms | Living creatures that are too small to see with the naked eye |
| Abiogenesis | The idea that long ago, very simple life forms spontaneously appeared through chemical reactions |
| Prokaryotic cell | A cell that has no distinct, membrane-bounded organelles |
| Eukaryotic cell | A cell with distinct, membrane-bounded organelles |
| Species | A unit of one or more populations of individuals that can reproduce under normal conditions, produce fertile offspring, and are reproductively isolated from other such units |
| Taxonomy | The science of classifying organisms |
| Binomial nomenclature | Naming an organism with its genus and species name |
| Pathogen | An organism that causes disease |
| Saprophyte | An organism that feeds on dead matter |
| Parasite | An organism that feeds on a living host |
| Aerobic organism | An organism that requires oxygen |
| Anaerobic organism | An organism that does not require oxygen |
| Steady state | A state in which members of a population die as quickly as new members are born |
| Exponential growth | Population growth that is unhindered because of the abundance of resources for an ever-increasing population |
| Logistic growth | Population growth that is controlled by limited resources |
| Conjugation | A temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of DNA transfer |
| Plasmid | A small, circular section of extra DNA that confers one or more traits to a bacterium and can be reproduced separately from the main bacterial genetic code |
| Transformation | The transfer of a DNA segment from a nonfunctional donor cell to that of a functional recipient cell |
| Transduction | The process in which infection by a virus results in DNA being transferred from one bacterium to another |
| Endospore | The DNA and other essential parts of a bacterium coated with several hard layers |
| Strains | Organisms from the same species that have markedly different traits |
| Pseudopod | A temporary foot-like extension of a cell, used for locomotion or engulfing food |
| Nucleus | The region of a eukaryotic cell that contains the cell's main DNA |
| Vacuole | A membrane-bounded "sac" within a cell |
| Ectoplasm | The thin, watery cytoplasm near the plasma membrane of some cells |
| Endoplasm | The dense cytoplasm found in the interior of many cells |
| Flagellate | A protozoan that propels itself with a flagellum |
| Pellicle | A firm, flexible coating outside the plasma membrane |
| Chloroplast | An organelle containing chlorophyll for photosynthesis |
| Chlorophyll | A pigment necessary for photosynthesis |
| Eyespot | A light-sensitive region in certain protozoa |
| Symbiosis | A close relationship between two or more species where at least one benefits |
| Mutualism | A relationship between two or more organisms of different species where all benefit from the association |
| Commensalism | A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited |
| Parasitism | A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed |
| Cilia | Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion |
| Spore | A reproductive cell with a hard, protective coating |
| Plankton | Tiny organisms that float in the water |
| Zooplankton | Tiny floating organisms that are either small animals or protozoa |
| Phytoplankton | Tiny floating photosynthetic organisms, primarily algae |
| Thallus | The body of a plant-like organism that is not divided into leaves, roots, or stems |
| Cellulose | A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms |
| Holdfast | A special structure used by an organism to anchor itself |
| Sessile colony | A colony that uses holdfasts to anchor itself to an object |
| Extracellular digestion | Digestion that takes place outside of the cell |
| Mycelium | The part of the fungus responsible for extracellular digestion and absorption of the digested food |
| Hypha | A filament of fungal cells |
| Rhizoid hypha | A hypha that is imbedded in the material on which the fungus grows |
| Aerial hypha | A hypha that is not imbedded in the material upon which the fungus grows |
| Sporophore | An aerial hypha that produces spores |
| Stolon | An aerial hypha that asexually reproduces to make more filaments |
| Haustorium | A hypha of a parasitic fungus that enters the host's cells, absorbing nutrition directly from the cytoplasm |
| Chitin | A chemical that provides both toughness and flexibility |
| Membrane | A thin covering of tissue |
| Fermentation | The anaerobic breakdown of sugars into smaller molecules |
| Zygospore | A zygote surrounded by a hard, protective coating |
| Zygote | The result of sexual reproduction when each parent contributes half the DNA necessary for the offspring |
| Antibiotic | A chemical secreted by a living organism that kills or reduces the reproduction rate of other organisms |
| Matter | Anything that has mass and takes up space |
| Model | An explanation or representation of something that cannot be seen |
| Element | A collection of atoms that all have the same number of protons |
| Molecules | Chemicals that result from atoms linking together |
| Physical change | A change that affects the appearance but not the chemical makeup of a substance |
| Chemical change | A change that alters the makeup of the elements or molecules of a substance |
| Phase | One of three forms-solid, liquid, or gas-which every substance is capable of attaining |
| Diffusion | The random motion of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
| Concentration | A measurement of how much solute exists within in a certain volume of solvent |
| Semipermeable membrane | A membrane that allows some molecules to pass through but does not allow other molecules to pass through |
| Osmosis | The tendency of a solvent to travel across a semipermeable membrane into areas of higher solute concentration |
| Catalyst | A substance that alters the speed of a chemical reaction but is not used up in the process |
| Organic molecule | A molecule that contains only carbon and any of the following: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and/or phosphorus |
| Biosynthesis | The process by which living organisms produce larger molecules from smaller ones |
| Isomers | Two different molecules that have the same chemical formula |
| Monosaccharides | Simple carbohydrates that contain 1 to 3 carbon atoms |
| Disaccharides | Carbohydrates that are made up of two monosaccharides |
| Polysaccharides | Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides |
| Dehydration reaction | A chemical reaction in which molecules combine by removing water |
| Hydrolysis | Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water |
| Hydrophobic | Lacking any affinity to water |
| Saturated fat | A lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atom |
| Unsaturated fat | A lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms |
| Peptide bond | A bond that links amino acids together in a protein |
| Hydrogen bond | A strong attraction between hydrogen atoms and certain other atoms (usually oxygen and nitrogen) in specific molecules |
| Absorption | The transport of dissolved substances into cells |
| Digestion | The breakdown of absorbed substances |
| Respiration | The breakdown of food molecules with a release of energy |
| Excretion | The removal of soluble waste products |
| Egestion | The removal of nonsoluble waste products |
| Secretion | The release of biosynthesized substances |
| Homeostasis | Maintaining the status quo |
| Reproduction | Producing more cells |
| Cytology | The study of cells |
| Cell wall | A rigid structure on the outside of certain cells, usually plant and bacteria cells |
| Middle lamella | The thin film between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells |
| Plasma membrane | The semipermeable membrane between the cell contents and either the cell wall or the cell's surroundings |
| Cytoplasm | A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended |
| Ions | Substances in which at least one atom has an imbalance of protons and electrons |
| Cytoplasmic streaming | The motion of cytoplasm in a cell that results in the coordinated movement of the cell's contents |
| Mitochondria | The organelles in which nutrients are converted to energy |
| Lysosome | The organelle in animal cells responsible for hydrolysis reactions that breakdown proteins, polysaccharides, disaccharides, and some lipids |
| Ribosomes | Non-membrane-bounded organelles responsible for protein synthesis |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | An organelle composed of an extensive network of folded membranes that performs several tasks in the cell |
| Rough ER | ER that is dotted with ribosomes |
| Smooth ER | ER that has no ribosomes |
| Leucoplasts | Organelles that store starches or oils |
| Chromplasts | Organelles that contain pigments used in photosynthesis |
| Central vacuole | A large vacuole that rests at the center of most plant cells and is filled with a solution that contains a high concentration of solutes |
| Waste vacuoles | Vacuoles that contain the waste products of digestion |
| Phagocytosis | The process by which a cell engulfs foreign substances or other cells |
| Phagocytic vacuole | A vacuole that holds the matter which a cell engulfs |
| Pinocytic vesicle | Vesicle formed at the plasma membrane to allow the absorption of large molecules |
| Secretion vesicle | Vesicle that holds secretion products so that they can be transported to the plasma membrane and released |
| Golgi bodies | The organelles where proteins and lipids are stored and then modified to suit the needs of the cell |
| Microtubules | Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure |
| Nuclear membrane | A highly-porous membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm |
| Chromatin | Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell |
| Cytoskeleton | A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement |
| Microfilaments | Fine, threadlike proteins found in the cell's cytoskeleton |
| Intermediate filaments | Threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments |
| Phospholipid | A lipid in which one of the fatty acid molecules has been replaced by a molecule that contains a phosphate group |
| Passive transport | Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane according to the dictates of osmosis or diffusion |
| Active transport | Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane (typically opposite the dictates of osmosis or diffusion) aided by a process that requires energy |
| Isotonic solution | A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell that resides in the solution |
| Hypertonic solution | A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution |
| Plasmolysis | Collapse of a walled cell's cytoplasm due to lack of water |
| Cytolysis | The rupture of a cell due to excess internal pressure |
| Hypotonic solution | A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution |
| Activation energy | Energy necessary to get a chemical reaction going |
| Genetics | The science that studies how characteristics get passed from parent to offspring |
| Genetic factors | The general guideline of traits determined by a person's DNA |
| Environmental factors | Those "nonbiological" factors that are involved in a person's surroundings such as the nature of the person's parents, the person's friends, and the person's behavioral choices |
| Spiritual factors | The factors in a person's life that are determined by the quality of his or her relationship with God |
| Gene | A section of DNA that codes for the production of a protein or a portion of protein, thereby causing a trait |
| Messenger RNA | The RNA that performs transcription |
| Anticodon | A three-nucleotide base sequence on tRNA |
| Codon | A sequence of three nucleotide bases on mRNA that refers to a specific amino acid |
| Chromosome | DNA coiled around and supported by proteins, found in the nucleus of the cell |
| Mitosis | A process of asexual reproduction in eukaryotic cells |
| Interphase | The time interval between cellular reproduction |
| Mother cell | A cell ready to begin reproduction, containing duplicated DNA and centrioles |
| Centromere | the region that joins two sister chromatids |
| Karyotype | The figure produced when the chromosomes of a species during metaphase are arranged according to their homologous pairs |
| Diploid cell | A cell with chromosomes that come in homologous pairs |
| Haploid cell | A cell that has only one representative of each chromosome pair |
| Diploid number (2n) | The total number of chromosomes in a diploid cell |
| Haploid number (n) | The number of homologous pairs in a diploid cell |
| Meiosis | The process by which a diploid (2n) cell forms gametes (n) |
| Gametes | Haploid cells (n) produced by diploid cells (2n) for the purpose of sexual reproduction |
| Virus | A non-cellular infectious agent that has two characteristics (1) It has genetic material (RNA or DNA) inside a protective protein coat (2) It cannot reproduce on its own |
| Antibodies | Specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents |
| Vaccine | A weakened or inactive version of a pathogen that stimulates the body's production of antibodies which can aid in destroying the pathogen |
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