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ES 09.1 SurfaceWater
Terms associated with fresh surface water
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the totality of water on and in Earth's crust | hydrosphere |
| % of Earth's waters that is in the oceans | 97% |
| % of Earth's waters that is fresh | 3% |
| 69% of Earth's fresh water is not readily available...where is it located? | ice cap/glaciers |
| atmosphere, lakes, rivers, soil, wetlands... which of these holds the largest % of Earth's liquid surface water? | lakes (21%) ice/permafrost holds 69% but that is solid |
| the continuous circulation that recycles Earth's waters | the Hydrologic (Water) Cycle |
| conversion of liquid water to gas/water vapor | evaporation |
| conversion of gaseous water (in atmosphere) into liquid...usually forming clouds | condensation |
| part of water cycle that is the transfer of water vapor around Earth | transport |
| transfer of condensed water vapor from the atmosphere to Earth as liquid or solid | precipitation |
| water that has penetrated Earth's surface | ground water |
| process of water moving through Earth's lithosphere (to become ground water) | infiltration |
| transfer of water from plants to the atmosphere | transpiration |
| transpiration + evaporation = ? | evapotranspiration |
| transfer of land surface water to oceans (via streams) without infiltrating | runoff |
| path through which a stream flows | channel |
| direction of flow of water in a stream | downslope/downhill |
| describes any stream that flows into another stream | tributary |
| the land area drained by a stream | watershed |
| elevated area that separates one watershed from another | divide |
| largest U.S. watershed | Mississippi River watershed |
| the local watershed for all of Chatham County (and several others) | Cape Fear River watershed |
| total materials carried by a stream | stream load |
| small particles held up by the turbulence in a stream as it moves | suspension |
| materials carried by a stream that are so heavy they roll/bounce along the bottom | bed load |
| unit for measuring concentration of dissolved minerals carried by a stream | ppm (parts per million) |
| average concentration of materials in solution in a U.S. stream | 120 ppm (within 5 is OK) |
| (maximum) ability of a stream to transform material | stream capacity |
| volume of water, measured in cubic meters per second, carried by a stream | discharge |
| event that occurs when stream flow exceeds channel capacity | flood |
| low lying, usually flat area around stream covered by water when flow exceeds capacity | floodplain |
| natural (or artificial) raised edges of a river, often due to deposition during flooding | levee |
| when the water of a river is higher than its banks, the river is at _?_ _?_ | flood stage |
| the high mark for water when a flood occurs | crest |
| which tends to cover a larger area, an upstream or downstream flood? | downstream |
| area where water supply for a stream first accumulates | headwaters |
| name for the sides of a stream channel | banks |
| the driving force for stream flow | gravity |
| the steepness/slope of a stream | stream gradient |
| the low point of a stream before it enters another body of water | base level |
| a bend in a stream channel as it wanders | meander |
| body of water formed when a stream cuts off and strands a meander segment | oxbow lake |
| broad part of a stream where it enters a large body | mouth |
| characteristic shape of sediments dropped by a stream when it undergoes an abrupt gradient change (often found on a plain at the base of mountains) | alluvial fan |
| a natural body of water surrounded by land | lake |
| excessive plant (algae) growth due to nutrient runoff... turning the lake green | eutrophication |
| wetland fed by precipitation, often having acidic solid and unusual insect-eating plants | bog |
| wetland fed by constant water in stream, and having abundant grasses and wildlife | marsh |
| wetland fed by a nearby stream with enough sediments to support larger bushed and trees...some formed 300 may produced coal deposits today | swamp |
| percentage of U.S. wetlands lost between 1800 and 2000 | 50% |
Created by:
goakley
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