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Bates Microbio-18y
Microbiology Exam 5 Chapters 19-27 Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hypersensitivity | Damaging response to an antigen |
| Four types of hypersensitivity | Anaphylactic reaction, cytotoxic reaction, immune complex, cell mediated reaction. ACID |
| anaphylactic reaction mechanism | 30 minute reaction time. Antigen binds to two adjacent IgE cells. IgE is attached to mast cells & basophils which are triggered to degranulate |
| Outcome of anaphylactic reaction | Mast cells and basophils undergo degranulation which releases histamines, leukotrines and prostaglandin whic cause vasodilation and swelling. Anaphylactic shock can be fatal if systemic due to circulatory collapse. Localized reaction is treatable. |
| Examples of triggers for anaphylactic reaction | Insect bites, plant pollen, medications |
| Prevention for anaphylactic reactions | Antihistamines, EpiPens, desensitizing injections, consuming local raw products containing antigens. |
| Type II cytotoxic reaction mechanism | IgG, IgM antibodies and complement reaction. Antibodies react with cell surface antigen. |
| 5 Models of action in antimicrobial drugs | 1)Inhibition of cell wall synthesis: PCN 2) Inhibition of protein synthesis: ERC 3) Inhibition of nucleic replication and transcription: Quinilones 4) Injury to plasma membrane:Polymixin B 5) Inhibition of synthesis of essential metabolites: Sulfa |
| Outcome of cytotoxic reaction | Takes 5 to 12 hours. Results in cell lysis, damage by macrophages, attack of antigen on cells or tissues. |
| The importance of the ABO blood group systems | -Correlated to race -Tied into plagues that our ancestors had -Tells what antigens we are susceptible to |
| The importance of the Rh blood group systems | -Hemolytic disease of the newborn: If mother is negative and baby is positive, mother antibodies will try to attack the child -Drug-Induced Thrombocyptopenic Purpura: The drug will combine with platelets and you will bruise easily. |
| Why is HLA complex important in disease susceptibility and tissue transplants | Some diseases can be predicted by its markers. and transplants can be attacked by T cells, macrophages and complement system. |
| What type of cells attack cancer cells? | Immune Surveillance CTL (activated Tc) |
| HIV's infection of a cell | 1)Entry to host body through blood to blood contact 2) Attachment to host cell 3) Fusion with host cell 4) HIV entry into host cell |
| How HIV avoids our immune response | 1)Steals host envelope 2) Can perform reverse transcription 3) Can be latent and by surviving within macrophages |
| HIV actions once inside host cell | 1) Uncoats, releases RNA and begins reverse transcription. 2) DNA goes to nucleus to become a provirus, cell divides with new code to make HIV cells, these leave the cell to infect more cells. |
| Characteristics of Phase 1 of HIV infection | -Last for months to years - asymptomatic or chronic lymphoadenopathy |
| Symptoms of phase 2 HIV infection | -Can last for years -symptomatic -early indications of immune failure |
| Characteristics of phase 3 HIV infection | -Full AIDS conditions - destroyed T cells - immune depletion |
| How is HIV diagnosed? | -Seroconversion; ELISA Western blotting & APTIMA (RNA testing) -Plasma viral load (PVL) |
| How is HIV treated? | -Antiviral drugs -Chemotherapy -Reverse transcriptase inhibitors -Protease inhibitors -Cell entry inhibitors -Intergrase inhibitors |
| How is HIV transmitted? | o Sexual contact o Breast milk o Tans placental infection of fetus o Blood- contaminated needles o Organ transplants o Artificial insemination o Blood transfusion |
| What are other diseases are associated with HIV | -Herpes simplex virus -Mycobacterium tuberculosis -Kapois’s scrcoma -Hairy leukoplakia -Cervial dyplasia -Varicella-zoster virus |
| **The Models of action in antimicrobial drugs** | -Inhibition of cell wall synthesis - inhibition of protein synthesis - inhibition of nucleic replication and transcription, -injury to plasma membrane -inhibition of synthesis of essential metabolites |
| What is Mycorrhizae? | -Fungi living in close association with plant roots -Extend surface area of roots -contributes to plant growth -Commercial use: Truffles |
| Biogeochemical cycle defined | Recycling (oxidation and reduction) of chemical elements |
| Why is BOD important? | Biochemical Oxygen Demand Bacterial decomposition of organic matter uses up O2 in water -Determines how much microbial growth is actually in the water. |
| How is drinking water treated? | 1) raw water 2) add floculant 3) combine with particulates, which allows it to settle 4) pull top water off 5) filter it 6) bottle it 7) store it |
| How is municipal wastewater treated? | For small communities Pond 1: Settle solids, pump water to pond 2 Pond 2: Bacterial decomposition of dissolved organic matter in water |
| Positive examples of microbes in the nutrient cycle or removal of pollutants. -Bioremediation: | Use of microbes to detoxify or degrade pollutants; enhanced by nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer |
| Positive examples of microbes in the nutrient cycle or removal of pollutants. -Bioaugmentation: | Addition of specific microbes to degrade of pollutant |
| Positive examples of microbes in the nutrient cycle or removal of pollutants. -Composting: | Arranging organic waste to promote microbial degradation by thermophiles |
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arichardson_14
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