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Bio101
Mendelion Genetics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| gene | a hereditary factor that influences a particular trait |
| allele | a particular form of a gene |
| genotype | a listing of all the alleles in an individual |
| phenotype | an individuals observable traits |
| homozygous | having two of the same allele |
| heterozygous | having two different alleles |
| dominant allele | an allele that produces its phenotype in heterozygous and homozygous form |
| recessive allele | an allele that produces its phenotype only in homozygous form |
| pure line | individuals of the same phenotype that, when crossed, always produce offspring with the same phenotype |
| hybrid | offspring from crosses between homozygous parents with different genotypes |
| reciprocal cross | a cross in which the phenotypes of the male and female are reversed an compared with a prior cross |
| testcross | a cross between a homozygous recessive individual and an individual with the dominant phenotype but an unknown genotype |
| X-linked | referring to a gene located on the X chromosome |
| Y-linked | referring to a gene located on the Y chromosome |
| autosomal | referring to a gene located on ant non-sexual chromosome (an autosome) or a trait determined by am autosomal gene |
| monohybrid cross | a mating between parents that each carry two different genetic determinants for the same trait |
| dihybrid cross | a mating between two individuals both heterozygous for two traits |
| Principle of independent assortment | alleles of different genes are transmitted independently of one another |
| linkage | the tendency of particular alleles of different genes to be inherited together (2 genes found on the same chromosome) |
| polymorphism | more than two phenotypes are are associated with a single gene |
| pleiotropic | a gene that influences many traits |
| sex linkage | genes located on the sex chromosomes |
| incomplete dominance | heterozygotes have intermediate phenotype |
| codominance | heterozygote have phenotype of both alleles |
| multiple allelism | in a population more than two alleles present at a locus |
| gene-by-gene interaction | in discrete traits, the phenotype associated with an allele depends on which alleles are present at another gene |
| gene-by-environment interaction | phenotype influenced by environment experienced by individual |
| polygenic inheritance of quantitative traits | many genes are involved in specifying traits that exhibit continuous variation |
| silent mutations | change in nucleotide sequence that does not change the amino acid specified by the codon: Neutral |
| missense mutations | change in nucleotide sequence that changes the amino acid specified by codon: Beneficial, neutral, or deleterious |
| nonsense mutation | change in nucleotide sequence that results in an early stop codon: Usually deleterious |
| frameshift | addition or deletion of a nucleotide: Always deleterious |
| gene expression | the process of converting archived information into molecules that actually do things in the cell. |
| point mutation | a single-base change |
| Sigma | recognizes and binds to the promoter (detachable protein) |
| Promoters | sections of DNA that promote the start of transcription |
| TATA box | -30 base pairs away from the start site for eukaryotes |
| basal transcription factors | instead of sigma protein, eukaryotic RNA polymerases recognize promters using a group of proteins called... (assemble at the promoter and the RNA polymerase follows) |
| RNA pol II | only polymerase that transcribes protein-coding genes |
| primary transcript | when eukaryotic genes of any type are transcribed, the intial product is... |
| Splicing | as transcription proceeds the introns are removed from growing RNA strand by a process called... |
| snRNPs: small nuclear RNAs | complex proteins plus-RNA macromolecular machines that catalyze the splicing of primary transcripts |
| poly (A) tail | string of Adenines (determine life span: more A's = longer life span) |
| Promoter Structure | Prokaryotes = -35 box and a -10 box Eukaryotes = -30 and TATA box |
| RNA Processing for Eukaryotes | 1. Enzyme-catalyzed addition of 5' cap on mRNA 2. Splicing to produce mRNA 3. Enzyme-catalyzed addition of 3' poly (A) tail on mRNA |
| RNA Processing for Prokaryotes | NONE |
| Proteins involved in recognizing promoter -Prokaryotes | Sigma |
| Proteins involved in recognizing promoter -Eukaryotes | Many Basal transcription factors |
| RNA polymerase -Prokaryote | 1 |
| RNA polymerase -Eukaryotes | 3, each produces a different class of RNA |
| tRNA | amino acids are transferred from the RNA to a growing polypeptide (tRNA are Crick's adapter molecules) |
| aminoacyl-tRNA synthesis | catalyze the addition of amino acids to tRNAs |
| aminoacyl tRNA | the combination of a tRNA molecule covalently linked to an amino acid |
| Wobble | proposed by Crick, the the third nucleotide is different |
| Elongation of Polypeptides during translation | 1. incoming aminoacyl tRNA 2. peptide-bond formation 3. translocation 4-6: repeat above steps |
| Terminating Translocation | 1. release factor binds to the stop codon 2. polypeptide and uncharged tRNAs are released 3. ribosomes subunits seperate |
| ssbp | stablize the single strands |
| helicase | opens DNA |
| primase | synthesizes DNA |
| lygase | holds together gaps (extrons) |
| topoisomerase | relieves the tension by cutting one strand of DNA and letting it unwind |
| vestigial trait | a reduced or incompletely developed structure that has no function or reduced function, but is clearly similar to functioning organs in closely related species |
| genetic homology | occurs in DNA sequences, RNA nucleotide sequences, or amino acid sequences = the gene is so similar that their protein structures are 90% identical (fruit fly eye gene went in the flyless eye and he got eyes) |
| developmental homology | embryos look alike |
| Structural homology | similarity in form (the hand pg.451) |
| 3 levels of homology interact | genetic homologies cause the developmental homologies observed in embryos, which then lead to the structural homologies recognized in adults |
| poly 1 | takes off primer on lagging strand and replaces it with DNA |
| poly 3 | elongates both RNA and DNA |
| genetic correlation | occurs because of pleiotropy, in which a single allele affects multiple traits |
| fitness trade - off | a compromise between traits, in terms of how those traits perform in the enviroment. |
| 4 Evolutionary Processes | 1. Natural selection: increase the frequency of certain alleles 2. Genetic Drift:alleles frequencies to change randomly 3. Gene flow: migrate/immigrate 4: Mutation |
Created by:
LizToeben
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