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Cellular Respiration
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is cellular respiration? | a series of metabolic processes that take place in a cell in which chemical energy is harvested from an organic substance (glucose) and stored as energy carriers (ATP) for use in energy-requiring activities of the cell |
| What is cellular respiration> | an efficient catabolic pathway for the production of ATP, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel glucose |
| The breakdown of organic molecules to form ATP is exergonic or endergonic? | endergonic |
| The production of ATP is which type of pathway, anabolic or catabolic? | Catabolic |
| What is fermentation? | The partial degradation of glucose that occurs without oxygen and produces only 2ATP for every glucose molecule that enters the process |
| How much ATP is produced per glucose molecule in fermentation? | 2 ATP |
| What is aerobic respiration? | The total degradation of glucose in the presence of oxygen and yields 32-38 ATP for every glucose molecule that enters the process |
| How many ATP are produced in aerobic respiration? | 32-38 ATP |
| What are redox reactions? | Chemical reactants that transfer electrons during chemical reactions |
| A reactant that loses electrons is? | Oxidized |
| A reactant that gains electrons is? | Reduced |
| During respiration, what releases energy? | The transfer of electrons during chemical reactions |
| In cellular respiration, what is oxidized? | Glucose |
| In cellular respiration, what is reduced? | Oxygen |
| What is the matrix? | The internal space enclosed by the inner membrane |
| What is the matrix the site of? | ATP production during the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation |
| Why do several steps occur in the matrix? | The high concentration of enzymes |
| What does the inner membrane contain? | The proteins of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase |
| What are the cristae? | Folds of the inner membrane |
| What is the function of the cristae? | Provide space for thousands of ETC and the enzyme ATP synthase |
| What does ETC consist of? | protein proton pumps, CoQ10, and Cytochrome C |
| What are the functions of cytochrome c? | a) specific type of cytochrome responsible for the generation of ATP b) released and triggers programmed cell death known as apoptosis c) evolutionary tool for tracing common ancestry |
| What is apoptosis? | programmed cell death, released and triggered by cyctochrome c |
| Cytochrome c is useful in the studies of what? | cladistics- evolutionary family trees |
| What is the intermembrane space? | space between the inner membrane and the outer membrane |
| What is the intermembrane space the site of? | High concentrations of H+, which will be used as the energy source for most ATP production |
| What is used as the energy source for most ATP production? | High concentrations of H+ |
| What are the three cycles of cellular respiration? | glycolysis,citric acid (krebs) cycle, oxidative phosphorylation |
| is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic? | anaerobic |
| What happens in glycolysis? | glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvate |
| In glycolysis, what is broken down into 2 pyruvate (pyruvic acid)? | glucose |
| Where are the enzymes found to break down glucose into 2 pyruvate during glycolysis? | cytoplasm |
| What are the products of glycolysis? | 2 ATP, 2NADH, 2H+ |
| What is glucose converted into in glycolysis? | 2 pyruvates |
| What is the activation energy for glycolysis? | 2 ATP |
| What is NAD+? | the low energy, oxidized form of NAD, a coenzyme |
| What does NAD+ become when it accepts electrons from hydrogen? | NADH |
| What is NADH? | The reduced form, used to donate electrons, resulting in the release of energy used later in cellular respiration |
| The first three steps of glycolysis are endergonic or exergonic? | Endergonic |
| What happens if there is too much ATP? | ATP will inhibit PFK, stopping glycolysis at step 3. |
| What is phosphofructokinase (PFK)? | an allosteric enzyme that catalyzes step 3 of glycolysis |
| In step 3 of glycolysis, what does ATP act as? | an allosteric inhibitor to PFK |
| What happens if less ATP is available to inhibit PFK? | glycolysis continues |
| In pyruvate oxidation, how many pyruvate are being transported where? | 2 pyruvate into the mitochondria |
| What transports the pyruvates into the mitochondria during pyruvate oxidation? | transport protein |
| What oxidizes the pyruvates during pyruvate oxidation? | Conenzyme A |
| What are the pyruvates oxidized to during pyruvate oxidation? | Acetyl CoA |
| What are the products of pyruvate oxidation? | 2 acetyl coA, 2 NADH, 2H+, 2 CO2 |
| What are the reactants of pyruvate oxidation? | 2 pyruvae, 2 CoA, 2 NAD+ |
| Where does the CO2 produced in pyruvate oxidation go? | the cell |
| Where do the 2NADH +2H produced in pyruvate oxidation go? | the electron transport chain |
| Where does the carbon dioxide come from in pyruvate oxidation? | the removal of the carboxyl group |
| What is reduced in the citric acid cycle and to what? | NAD+ is reduced to NADH |
| In pyruvate oxidation, how is acetyl CoA formed? | an acetyl group being transferred to conenzyme A |
| What is another name for the citric acid cycle? | Krebs cycle |
| What does the citric acid cycle complete the break down of? | acetyl CoA |
| What type of process is the citric acid cycle, aerobic or anaerobic? | aerobic |
| Where does the citric acid cycle occur? | the matrix |
| What are the reactants of the citric acid cycle? | 2 acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate |
| What are the products of the citric acid cycle? | 6NADH, 6H+, 2FADH2, 4CO2, 2ATP |
| How is the product ATP of the citric acid cycle produced? | substrate-level phosphorylation |
| Where does the CO2 produced in the citric acid cycle go? | released from the cell as metabolic waste |
| what do NADH, FADH2, AND 2H+ do? | Transfer chemical energy to the electron transport chain to create a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane |
| Where do NADH, FADH2, AND 2H+ form a proton gradient? | across the inner mitochondrial membrane |
| What process does the energy of the proton gradient drive? | the synthesis of ATP through chemiosmosis |
| What is FAD? | another electron acceptor and coenzyme |
| What is FADH2? | the reduced form of FAD, donates to the electron transport chan |
| How many steps are in the citric acid cycle? | 8 |
| How many steps are in glycolysis? | 10 |
| What happens in the first step of the citric acid cycle? | the acetyl group of acetyl coA joins the cycle by combining with oxaloacetate, forming citric acid |
| what happens during steps 2-7 of the citric acid cycle? | decomposition of citrate back to oxaloacetate |
| What is the significance of the regeneration of oxaloacetate? | accounts for the cycle |
| glycolysis and the krebs cycle produced how many molecules of ATP by what process? | 4 molecules by substrate- level phosphorylation |
| After glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, what accounts for most of the enegy extracted from glucose? | 10 NADH +2 FADH2 |
| What will NADH + FADH do? | generate enough energy to produce 28 ATP during oxidative phosphorylation |
| What is oxidative phosphorylation? | an aerobic process that occurs on the inner membrane, in the matrix, and intermembrane space of the mitochondrion |
| What is an electron transport chain? | a sequence of proteins and coenzymes that cause the release of energy, which will be used to produce a proton gradient |
| What is chemiosmosis? | a mechanism that uses the enrgy stored in the H+ gradient to synthesize the majority of ATP |
| What is ATP synthase? | an enzyme complex that is the site of ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation |
| Where are high concentrations of H+ found? | intermembrane space |
| where are low concentrations of H+ found? | the matrix |
| in eukaryotes where is ATP synthase? | innermembrane |
| in prokaryotes where is ATP synthase? | plasma membrane |
| where is the electron transport chain located in eukaryotes ? | inner membrane of mitochondrion |
| where is the electron transport chain located in prokaryotes? | plasma membrane |
| What do the cristae do in terms of the electron transport chain? | increase the surface area, provide space for thousands of copies of the chain |
| what are the components of the electron transport chain? | protein cytochrome c and CoQ10 |
| what happens as electrons are transferred from NADH and FADH to the electron transport chain? | small amounts of energy are released |
| What is the release of energy from NADH and FADH used to generate? | a proton gradient |
| How is this proton gradient produced? | proton pumps forcing H+ out of the matrix |
| Does the electron transport chain generate ATP directly? | NO |
| What happens as carriers accept and donate electrons? | alternate between reduced and oxidized states |
| what happens when electrons go down the chain and are finally passed to oxygen? | free energy drops, water is formed |
| the final electron carrier of oxidative phosphorylation is? | oxygen |
| what happens to NAD+ and FAD at the end of oxidative phosphorylation? | regenerated for use in glycolysis an citric acid cycle |
| what does chemiosmosis couple? | the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis |
| Electron transfer in ETC causes what? | proteins to pump H+ into the inter membrane space, creating a high concentration of H+ outside the matrix and a low concentration inside the matrix |
| What happens after the electron transfer? | H+ diffuses back across the membrane, down the gradient, passing through ATP synthase |
| After the diffusion? | ATP synthase uses this exergonic flow of H+ to drive the phosphorylation of 28 ATP |
| What is the H+ gradient referred to as? | proton motive force, emphasizing capacity to do work |
| what is the flow of energy is cellular respiration? | glucose-NADH, FADH2- ETC-proton-motive force-ATP |
| Where does fermentation occur? | the cytoplasm of most bacteria, yeast cells, and oxygen deprived muscle cells |
| What happens without oxygen? | glycolysis occurs and then couple with fermentation, where no ATP will be produced |
| What is 2 ATP? | total amount produced by substrate-level phosphorylation |
| What is regenerated by fermentation and for what process? | NAD+ for glycolysis |
| What organisms use alcohol fermentation? | unicellular anaerobic organisms such as bacteria and fungi, specifically yeast |
| What does alcohol fermentation do? | converts pyruvate to CO2 in 1st step and ethanol in 2nd step |
| what happens in the second step of alcohol fermentation? | pyruvate converted into ethanol, NADH is oxidized and regenerates NAD |
| Following glycolysis, what happens in lactic acid fermentation? | pyruvate is reduced, NADH is oxidized to NAD+, and lactate is procduced |
| what is lacid acid fermentation used for commercially? | fungi and bacteria make cheese and yogurt |
| why do human muscle cells produce lactic acid? | to generate ATP when oxygen is scarce |
| what are signs of lactic acid build up? | fatigue and muscle stiffness |
| what are obligate anaerobes? | carry out fermentation/anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of oxygen |
| what are facultative anaerobes? | can survive in the presence of oxygen and can use either fermentation or cellular respiration |
| in faculative anaerobes pyruvate serves as what? | a fork in the metabolic road that leads to two alternative catabolic routes: fermentation (anaerobic) or pyruvate oxidation into acetyl CoA (aerobic) |
| what is the earliest form of ATP production on earth? | glycolysis |
| what drives anabolic pathways? | glycolysis and catabolic pathways |
| what is beta oxidation? | generating acetyl coA through the digestion of fats to glycerol and fat acids through pyruvate oxidation |
| in order to use alternative catabolic pathways for respiration, what needs to happen first? | digestion into monomers |
| what are the similarites of fermentation and respiration? | 1) use glycolysis to ozidize glucose and produce net gain of 2ATP 2) NAD+ is the oxidizing agent that accepts electrons during glycolysis 3) NADH will be oxidized and regenerate NAD |
| what are the differences between fermentation and respiration? | 1) final electron accepts: F- ethanol or lactic acid, CR- oxygen 2) CR- produces 32-38 ATP, F- produces 2 3) F- ELC located in plasma membrane, CR- ELC located in inner membrane of mitochondria 4) F- partial, CR-total |
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