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Earth Science Test 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What percentage of the Earth's surface is represented by oceans and marginal seas? | 71% |
| Northern Hemisphere | Land hemisphere |
| Southern Hemisphere | Water Hemisphere |
| Oceanography | the interdisciplinary study of the oceans that draws on geology, biology, chemistry, and physics |
| Pacific Ocean | the largest ocean and has the greatest depth |
| Atlantic Ocean | about half the size of the Pacific ocean and not quite as deep |
| Indian Ocean | slightly smaller than the Atlantic ocean, largely a southern hemisphere ocean body |
| Bathymetry | the measurement of ocean depths and the charting of the shape of topography of the ocean floor |
| Eco Sounder | also referred to as sonar |
| High Resolution Mulitbeam Sonar | provided a picture but not the depth |
| Multibeam Sonar | an improvement from side-scan sonar and does provide water depth |
| Radar Altimeters | bounces microwaves off the sea surface from space to measure surface irregularities |
| Passive Continental Margins | found along most coastal areas that surround Atlantic ocean |
| Continental Shelf | the flooded extension of the continent. will be land in the future and has been land in the past |
| Continental Slpoe | marks the seaward edge of the continental shelf |
| Submarine Canyons | deep, steep-sided valleys cut into the continental slop |
| Turbidity Currents | down-slope movements of dense, sediment-leden water |
| Continental Rise | located at the base of the continental slop and found in areas where trenches are absent |
| Active Continental Margins | continental slope descends abruptly into a deep-ocean trench |
| Accretionary Wedge | accumulations of deformed sediment and scraps of ocean crust |
| Deep-Ocean Trenches | long, relatively narrow features created due to subduction where moving lithospheric plates plunge into the mantel |
| Challenger Deep | the deepest point within the trench |
| Volcanic Islands Arcs | two oceanic plates converge |
| Continental Volcanic Arcs | oceanic and continental convergence |
| Abyssal Plain | deep, incredibility flat ocean feature |
| Seamount | an isolated submarine volcano that rises 3000 ft above the ocean floor |
| Guyots | a submerged flat-topped seamount |
| Coral Atoll | continuous or broken ring of coral reef surrounding a central lagoon |
| Mid-Ocean Ridge | an elevated ridge in the center of each ocean with extensive faulting where new sea floor is always forming |
| Sediment Sources | turbidity currents sediment that slowly settles to the bottom from above |
| Terrigenous Sediments | material weathered from continents most common on continental margins |
| Biogenous Sediments | the shells and skeletons of marine animals and plants |
| Hydrogenous Sediment | minerals that crystallize directly from seawater |
| Salinity | the average seawater s 3.5% saline the total amount of solid material dissolved in the water |
| Low-Latitudes | receive more direct sunlight and the water will have a higher temperature |
| High-Latitudes | receive less sunlight and have a cooler temperature |
| Dead Sea | ten times as saline as average sea water and therefore much more dense |
| Surface Mixed Zone | a sun warmed zone and relatively shallow |
| Transition Zone | temperature falls with depth between surface layer and deep zone |
| Deep Zone | sunlight never reaches this zone and temperatures are just above freezing |
| Density | the mass per unit volume |
| Plankton | floaters that depend on ocean current to move around |
| Nekton | swimmers that are capable of moving independently of the ocean currents |
| Benthos | bottom dwellers in shallow to deep water |
| Marine Live Zones | several factors are used to divide the ocean into distinct marine live zones |
| Photic Zone | upper part of the ocean that is sunlit |
| Apothic Zone | deep ocean no sunlight |
| Intertidal Zone | area where land and ocean meet and overlap |
| Neritic Zone | seaward from the low tide line, the continental shelf, out to the shelf break |
| Oceanic Zone | beyond the continental shelf |
| Hydrothermal Vents | metal sulfides are precipitated when heated water meets the cold abyssal water |
| Pelagic Zone | open ocean of any depth |
| Neritic Zone | includes any sea-bottom surface |
| Abyssal Zone | subdivision of benthic zone |
| Ocean Currents | masses of water that flow from one place to another |
| Surface Currents | develop from friction between the ocean and the wind that blows across the surface |
| Gyre | any large system of rotating ocean currents, particularly those involved with large wind movements |
| Coriolis Effect | the deflection in the wind direction due to earths rotation |
| Downwelling | surface waters are drawn downward |
| Upwelling | deep waters are pushed upward by wind; brings nutrients up to the surface |
| Factors for creating dense mass of water | Temperature and salinity |
| Deep-Ocean Circulation | a simplified model of ocean circulation is similar to a conveyor belt |
| Shoreline | contact between land ans sea |
| Shore | area between lowest tidal level and highest areas affected by storm waves |
| Coastline | the seaward edge of the coast |
| Beach | accumulation of sediment along the landward of sediment along the landward margin of the ocean |
| Crest | top of a wave |
| Trough | bottom of wave |
| Wave Height | the vertical distance between a trough and a crest |
| Wavelength | the horizontal distance between successive crests or troughs |
| Wave Period | the time interval for one full wave to pass a fixed position |
| Wave Refraction | the bending of a wave |
| Beach Drift | sediment moves zigzag pattern along beach face |
| Wave-Cut Cliff | originate sue to the cutting action of the surf against the base of coastal land |
| Wave-Cut Patteren | a relatively flat, bench-like surface left behind the receding cliff |
| Marine Terraces | occur when a wave-cut cliff is uplifited above the sea by tectonic forces |
| Spit | a ridge of sand extending from the land into the mouth of an adjacent bay with and end that often hooks landward |
| Baymouth Bar | a sandbar that completely crosses a bay |
| Tombolo | a ridge of sand the connects an island to the mainland |
| Rouge Wave | unusually large wave |
| Hard stabilization | building structures to control coastline erosion and deposition |
| Groins | barriers built at a right angle to the beach that are designed to trap snad |
| Breakwaters | barriers built offshore and parallel to the coast to protect boats from braking waves |
| Seawalls | structure that armors the coast against the force of breaking waves |
| Beach Nourishment | by adding sand to the beach system, storm protection is improved and beach is widened |
| Emergent Coast | more land is exposed |
| Submergent coast | less land id exposed |
| Marine Terraces | terraces that were once being eroded flat at sea level that have been tectonically uplifted |
| Estuaries | flooded river valleys |
| Fjords | flooded glacial valleys |
| Tides | daily changes in the elevation of the ocean surface |
| Spring Tide | occur during new and full moons |
| Neap Tide | will occur during the first and third quarters of the moon |
| Flood Current | advances into coastal zone |
| Ebb Current | current moves seaward |
| Weather | day to day and occurs over a short period of time |
| Climate | occurs over a long period of time |
| Water vapor | forms clouds and precipitation |
| Aerosols | tiny solid and liquid particles and reflect sunlight |
| Ozone | a form of oxygen that combines 3 oxygen atom into each molecule |
| Radiosonde | an instrument carried aloft by a weather balloon, to gather and transmit meteorological data |
| Troposphere | the bottom layer of the atmosphere |
| Stratosphere | between 12 km and 50 km above the Earth and the temperature increases at the top because this is where the ozone layer is concentrated |
| Mesosphere | between 50 km and 80 km above Earth and temperature decreases steadily |
| Thermosphere | does not have a well defined upper limit and gasses are moving at high speeds |
| Rotation | spinning on its axis |
| Revolution | the movement of Earth in its orbit abound the sun |
| Summer Solstice | Earth is tilted 23 1/2 degrees toward the sun |
| Winter Solstice | Earth is tilted 23 1/2 degrees away from the sun |
| Fall/Spring Equinox | suns rays are located at the equator |
| Conduction | the transfer of heat through molecular activity |
| Convection | the transfer of heat through movement within substance |
| Radiation | doesn't need a medium to travel through like conduction/convection, and can travel though a vacuum |
| Reflection | process where light bounces back from an object at the same angle at which it encounters a surface and with the same intensity |
| Scattering | produces a larger number of weaker rays that travel different direction, with the most energy dispersed in the forward direction |
| Isotherm | a line connecting places of equal temperature |
Created by:
kmeseke
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