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Catastrophic Events
lessons 10-17 Earthquake
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| earthquake | the shaking that results from the movement of rock beneath Earth's surface |
| crust | the layer of rock that forms Earth's outer surface |
| fault | a break or crack in Earth's lithosphere along which the rocks move |
| mantle | the layer of hot,solid material between Earth's crust and core |
| lithosphere | a rigid layer made up of the uppermost part of the mantle and the crust |
| lithospheric plate | several plated that glide around the Earth's mantle |
| seismologist | a sciencist that studies earthquakes |
| s-wave | a type of seismic wave that moves the ground up and down or side to side |
| p-wave | a type of seismic wave that causes building to contracct and expand |
| surface wave | the most powerful wave on the surface |
| focus | the pint beneath the surface lithosphere along which the rocks move |
| epicenter | the point on Earth's surface directly above an earhquake's focus |
| seismic waves | vibrations that travel through through Earth carrying the energy released during earthquake |
| magintude | the measurement of an earthquake strength based on seismic waves and movement along fault |
| tsunami | a gaint wave usually caused by earthquake beneath the ocean floor |
| liquefaction | the process by which an earthquake's violent movement suddenl turns loose soil into liquid mud |
| aftershock | an earthquake that occurs after an larger earthquake in the same area |
| base isolators | these pads separate, or isolate,a building from its foundation and prevent some of an earthquake's energy from entering the building |
| tension ties | these devices firmly "tie" the floors and ceiling of a building to the walls. They absorb and scatter earthquake energy and thus educe damage |
| shear core walls | these transfer some of a quake's energy from roofs and floors to the building foundation |
| cross braces | these are placed between stories to stiffen a building's frame and absorb energy during an earthquake |
| mass dampers or dampers | these work like the shock absorbers in a car to absorb some of the energy of seismic waves |
| flexible pipe | water and gas pipes have flexible joints. they bend as energy passes through them, greatly reduce damage. |
| stress | a force that acts on rock to change its shape or volume |
| tension | stress that stretches rock so that it becomes thinner in the middle |
| compression | stress that squeezes rock until it folds or breaks |
| strike-slip fault | a type of fault where rocks on either side move past each other sideways with little up-or-down motion |
| normal fault | a type of fault where the hanging wall slides downward; caused by tension in the crust |
| reverse fault | a type of fault where hanging wall slides upward; caused by compression in the crust |
| plateua | a landform that has high elevation and a more or less level surface |
| hanging wall | the block of rock that forms the upper half of a fault |
| foot wall | the block of rock that forms the lower half of a fault |
| shearing | stress that pushes masses of rock in opposite directions , in a sideways movement |
| mercali scale | measures how much damage is caused after an earthquake |
| richter scale | is a rating of an earthquake due to seismic waves |
| inner core | is a dense ball of solid metal is the most inner layer |
| outer core | a layer of molten metal that surrounds the inner core |
| basalt | a dark-colored rock that makes up most of the oceanic crust |
| granite | a light-colored rock that makes up most of the continental crust |
| asthenosphere | soft layer just below the lithosphere |
| continental crust | the crust that lies beneath land |
| oceanic crust | the crust that lies beneath oceans |
| divergent boundary | a plate boundary where two plates move away from each other |
| convergent boundary | a plate boundary where two plates move toward each other |
| transform boundary | a plate boundary where two plates move past each other in opposite directions |
| subduction zone | the process by which oceanic crust sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle at a convergent plate boundary |
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