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physiology
endocrine system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| increases water retention thus reducing water volume and prevents dehydration. Its part of the pituitary hormones and its also called vasopressin because it can cause vasoconstriction | ADH (Antidiuretic hormone |
| Its produced in hypothalamus and transported by the hypothalmus hypophyseal tract to posterior lobe. | Posterior pituitary hormone |
| A surge of hormones released during sexual arousal and orgasm, feelings of sexual satisfaction & emotional bonding between partners, it stimulates labor contractions during birth & stimulates milk and bonding for mother and baby | OT(Oxytocin) |
| The rates of secretions are not constant for pituitary and regulated by | hypothalamus, other brain centers and feedback from target organs |
| releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones from hypothalamus ex in cold weather the pituitary stimulated by hypothalamus to release TSH, leads to generation of body heat | anterior lobe control |
| neuroendocrine reflex hormone released in response to nervous system signals ex. sucking infant stimulates nerve endings-- hypothalamus to posterior lobe to Oxytocin to milk ejection, hormone release in response to higher brain center | posterior lobe control |
| emotional stress can affect secretion of gonadotropins, affecting menses, ovulation, fertility, also milk ejection reflex can be triggered by a crying baby | posterior lobe control |
| it has widespread effects on the body tissues esp. cartilage, bone, muscle, and fat. it induces the liver to produce growth stimulants insulin-like growth factors protein synthesis increases and lipid metabolism increase | growth hormone |
| endocrine gland, epithalamus. after age 7, undergoes involution to 75% end puberty synchronize physiologic functions with 24 hour circadian rhythms of day light & night synthesizes melatonin from serotonin during night regulate timing of puberty, | pineal gland |
| its occurs in winter or northern climates. symptoms are depression, sleepiness, irritability, and carbohydrate craving. getting 2-3 hours of sunlight reduces these signs by reducing the melatonin | SAD (seasonal affective disorder |
| plays a role in three systems endocrine, lymphatic,& immune. site of maturation T cells important in immune defense secretes hormones stimulate development of other lymphatic organs & activity of T-lymphocytes such as thymopoietin thymosin and thymulin | thymus |
| cell mediated immunity and goes through a process of self selection | T- cells |
| largest endocrine gland, increases metabolic rate, 02 consumption, heat production, appetite, GH secretion, alertness & quicker reflexes. thyroid follicles - sacs that compose most of thyroid, secretes thyroxine & trilodothyronine converted to T3 | thyroid gland |
| parafollicular cells secretes calcitonin with rising blood calcium stimulates osteoblast activity and bone formation | thyroid gland |
| secretes calcitonin with rising of blood calcium. | parafollicular cells |
| lowers blood calcium | calcitonin |
| usually 4 glans partially embedded in posterior surface thyroid gland, secretes PTH increases blood calcium levels. - increases absorption of calcium - promotes synthesis of calcitriol, increases bone reabsorption, decreases urinary excretion | parathyroid glands |
| small gland that sits on top of each kidney - adrenal cortex and medulla formed by merger of two fetal glands with different origins and functions | adrenal glands |
| has dual nature acting as an endocrine gland and sympathetic ganglion of sympathetic nervous system- when stimulated release catecholamines and a trace of dopamine directly into the bloodstream | Adrenal medulla |
| by mobilizing fatty acids for energy, GH produces glucose-sparing makes glucose available for glycogen synthesis and storage | carbohydrate metabolism part of growth hormone |
| promotes Na+, K+, AND CL- retention by kidneys, enhances Ca+ absorption in intestines. bone growth, thickening, & remodeling influenced esp. childhood& adol.,secretion high 1st 2 hours of sleep, peak in response to vigous exer. decrease with age | electrolyte balance in growth hormone |
| stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormone | TSH |
| after birth stimulates mammary glands to synthesize milk, enhances secretions of testosterone by testes | PRL |
| stimulates mitosis and cellular differentiation | GH |
| Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids | ACTH |
| the study of the endocrine and the diagnosis and treatment of its disorder | endocrinology |
| organs that are traditional sources of hormones | endocrine gland |
| glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones | endocrine system |
| chemical messengers that are transported by the bloodstream and stimulate physiological responses in cells of another tissue or origin often a considerable distance away | hormones |
| secreted into the tissue fluids to affect nearby cells | paracrine hormones |
| released from neurons to travel across synaptic cleft to second cell | neurotransmitters |
| have ducts that carry secretions to an epithelial surfaces or the mucosa of the digestive tract - external secretions extracellular effects (food digestion) | exocrine system |
| no ducts contains dense, fenestrated capillary networks which allows easy uptake of hormones into blood stream, internal secretions, intracellular effects such as altering target cell metabolism | endocrine gland |
| it enters blood stream and binds to kidneys and vessels | hypothalamus and pituitary |
| several chemicals function as both hormone and neurotransmitters | norepi, cholecystokinin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, dopamine and antidiuretic |
| those organs or cells that have receptors. for a hormone and can respond to it | target organs or cells |
| shaped like a flattened funnel, forms floor and walls of third, regulates primitive functions of the body from water balance and thermoregulation to sec drive and childbirth | hypothalamus |
| suspended from hypothalamus by a stalk infundibulum, housed in sella turcica of sphenoid bone size and shape of kidney bean, 2 structures with independent origins and separate functions anterior and posterior | pituitary |
| anterior pituitary | adenohypophysis |
| posterior pituitary | neurohypophysis |
| constitutes anterior 3/4 of pituitary, linked to hypothalamus by hypophyseal portal system the primary capillaries connected to secondary in this by portal venules, hypothalamic hormones regulate cells | adenohypophysis |
| constitutes the posterior 1/4 of the pituitary, nerve tissue not a true gland nerve bodies in hypothalamus pass down stalk as hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract & end in posterior lobe, hypothamic neurons secrete hormones that stored in neuronhypophysis until | neurohypophysis |
| hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones travel from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary | hypophyseal portal system |
Created by:
Tgraffagnini
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