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Chapter22

Metabolism 22.1-22.3

QuestionAnswer
To remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes is a function of ? the citric acid cycle
_____ are organic molecules that must bind to the active site of an enzyme before it can function coenzymes
Within the mitochondria, hydrogen atoms are used to generate ATP through the process of ___ oxidative phosphorylation
____refers to the transfer of electrons oxidation
______ refers to the attachment of a high-energy phosphate group to ADP, producing ATP. phosphorylation
what produces roughly 95 percent of the ATP used by body cells? oxidative phosphorylation
____ is a sequence of proteins called cytochromes that are embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane electron transport system
the diffusion of hydrogen ions back into the matrix through special membrane channels powers the production of ATP by the enzyme ___ ATP synthase
Coenzymes deliver hydrogen atoms from the citric acid cycle to the ETS is a characteristic of ____ oxidative phosphorylation
Which is the common substrate for mitochondria in the citric acid cycle? acetate
____ is the synthesis of glucose from smaller carbon chains gluconeogenesis
the____ is key to the cells survival because it contains the organic materials required for both anabolism and catabolism nutrient pool
____ store triglycerides and glycogen reserves. If absorption by the digestive tract fails to maintain normal nutrient levels, the triglycerides and glycogen are broken down and the ___ and ___ are released liver cells, fatty acids, glucose
____ convert excess fatty acids to triglycerides for storage. If absorption by the digestive tract and reserves in the liver fail to maintain normal nutrient levels, the triglycerides are broken down and the ___ are released adipocytes, fatty acids
____ metabolize fatty acids at rest and use glucose reserves. ____ are used to increase the number of myofibrils. skeletal muscles, amino acids
If the digestive tract, adipocytes, and liver are unable to maintain normal nutrient levels, the _____ can be broken down and amino acids released into the circulation for use by other tissues. contractile protiens
____ requires a continuous supply of glucose. During starvation, ____ shift to fatty acid or amino acid catabolism, conserving glucose for neural tissue neural tissue, other tissues
fatty acids can be stored as ____ triglycerides
stored triglycerides can be broken down into ____ fatty acids
in ____ glycogen is synthesized from glucose glycogenesis
___ is the release of glucose from glycogen glycogenolysis
the breakdown of a _____ releases glycerol and acetylCoA suitable for use by mitochondria fatty acid
glucose breakdown into two three-carbon molecules/chains glycolysis
in starvation, the proteins of ____ are mobilized, releasing amino acids that can be catabolized by other tissues muscle tissue
____ is a enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates into a mixture of disaccharides and trisaccharides salivary amylase
Most of the nutrients absorbed by the digestive tract end up at the ______, in which nutrients are absorbed as needed to maintain normal levels in the systemic circuit. liver
When chyme arrives in the duodenum, CCK release triggers the secretion of which enzyme? pancreatic alpha-amylase
the arrival of chyme containing large amounts of carbohydrates triggers the release of ____, which stimulates insulin release by the pancreas GIP "gastric inhibitory peptide"
In most tissues, the transport of glucose into the cell is dependent on the presence of a carrier protein that is stimulated by ? insulin
The 6-carbon glucose molecule is broken down into two 3-carbon molecules of pyruvate. This anaerobic process is called __ , and yields a net gain of __ ATP for every glucose molecule broken down glycolysis, 2
For each pair of pyruvate molecules catabolized, the cell gains ___ ATP 34
Created by: btuehara
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