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ch. 10 study guide
Earth science
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the difference between mechanical and chemical weathering? 10-1 | Mechanical weathering is the breakdown of rock into smaller pecies by physical means. Chemical weathering is the prosses by which rocks break down as a result of chemical reactions. |
| Describe the weathering processes of each chemical weathering agent. 10-1 | The chemical weathering agents are water, acid precipitation, acids in ground water, acids in living things, and air. |
| Water | The process is, over a period of time, when it's raining, rain can break a whole rock in tiny little pieces. |
| acid precipitation | When high numbers of pollution gets in rain,sleet,and snow; when it comes down and weathers rocks and kills plants and animals. |
| acids in ground water | The acids in groundwater react with the rocks in the ground and if the ground water reacts with limestone, over a period of time the limestone will dissolve. |
| acids in living things | Some living things produce acids and release them and those acids break down the rocks around it. |
| air | The oxygen in the air mix with the dew(water) that is present in the air on the iron and creates rust.(A chemical indication it is chemical.) |
| Describe the weathering processes of each mechanical weathering agent. 10-1 | The mechanical weathering agents are ice, abrasion, wind, water, gravity, plants, and animals. |
| Ice | The process is the freezing and thawing of water. It does this over and over again until it splits the rock apart. |
| Abrasion | The process of grinding and wearing away of rock surfaces through the mechanical action of other rock or sand particles. |
| Plants and animals | Plants - the roots grow into existing cracks in rocks and split them apart. Animals - the burrow through the soil and move particles around |
| What is the most important and most common agent of chemical weathering? Why do you think? 10-1 | Water because it contains air and can combine with acids to cause weathering. It has an effect on everything. |
| What is the difference between weathering, abrasion, erosion, and deposition? 10-1 | Weathering - breaking down rocks by physical or chemical processes. Abrasion - breaking down rocks with other rocks. Erosion - transporting sediment from one place to another. Deposition - process which sediment settles out of the water/wind carrying it |
| What are the two most important factors in determining the rate of weathering? 10-2 | climate and makeup of the rock |
| How do hotter temperatures and wet climates affect the rate of weathering? 10-2 | The hotter and more humid the climate, the faster oxidation occurs which breaks down the rocks faster. |
| What are the horizons of a soil profile? What letter represents each horizon? What is found in each horizon? 10-3 | Horizons are the series of layers in soil. R=bedrock, C=partially weathered bedrock, B=dissolved substances and nutrients from upper horizons, E=intense leaching of nutrients, A=topsoil, O=dead plants and animals |
| What layer of soil would you find the most humus? 10-3 | most humus in topsoil (A) - least humus in bedrock (R) |
| Which horizon does soil formation begin? 10-3 | B - the dissolved substances and nutrients from higher up horizons |
| List some examples of decomposers and explain why they are important for soil? 10-3 | Worms, fungi, and bacteria are important because they break down dead animals in the soil. Worms also mix the soil up. |
| Which soil horizon layer forms last? 10-3 | O=dead plants and animals |
| What is humus? 10-3 | Humus is organic material formed in soil from the decayed remains of plants and animals. |
| What is soil? 10-3 | Soil is a loose mixture of small mineral fragments, organic material, water, and air that can support the growth of vegetation. |
| What horizon is called the parent material? 10-3 | R=bedrock |
| Compare the particle sizes of sand, clay, and silt. 10-3 | Sand=between .05 and 2mm. Silt=between .002 and.05mm. Clay=less than .002mm |
| Why is it good to have permeable soil or rocks? | Soil is important for plants to grow, for animals to live in, and for water to be stored. |
| Define soil conservation. 10-4 | a method to maintain the fertility of the soil by protecting the soil from erosion and nutrient loss |
| What are the 5 soil conservation techniques? Describe how each is used to conserve soil. Basic info. 10-4 | Contour plowing-rows act as dams to prevent erosion. Terracing-changes a steep field into a series of small, flat fields. No-till farming-leaves old stalks to provide cover from rain. continued in next box |
| Cover crops-planted in off-season to provide cover from wind and rain. Crop rotation- planting different crops to reduce the rapid depletion of nutrients from planting the same crop every year. |
Created by:
Katie Ratcliff
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