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OC Mid-Term Assess
OC Mid-Term Vocabulary Assessment
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cell | the basic unit of structure and function in living things |
| Cell Theory | a widely accepted explanation of the relationship between cells adn living things |
| Unicellular | made of a single cell |
| Multicellular | consisting of many cells |
| Tissue | a group of similar cells that perform the same function |
| Organ | a structure in the body that is composed of different kinds of tissue |
| Organ System | a group of organs that work together to perform a major function in the body |
| Cytoplasm | the material within a cell apart from the nucleus |
| Diffusion | the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
| Dominant Allele | an allele whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present |
| Eukaryote | an organism whose cells contain nuclei |
| Extinct | the disappearance of all members of a species from Earth |
| Organelle | a tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell |
| Cell Wall | a rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms |
| Cell Membrane | the outside cell boundary that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell |
| Nucleus | the control center of a eukaryotic cell that directs the cell’s activities and contains the information thatdetermines the cell’s form and function |
| Cytoplasm | the material within a cell apart from the nucleus |
| Mitochondria | rod-shaped cell structures that convert energy in food molecules to energy the cell can use to carry out its functions |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | a cell structure that forms passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried through the cell |
| Ribosome | a small grain-like structure in the cytoplasm of a cell where proteins are made |
| Golgi Body | a structure in a cell that receives proteins and other newly formed materials from the endoplasmic reticulum, packages them, and distributes them to other parts of the cell |
| Active Transport | the movement of materials through a cell membrane using cellular energy |
| Alleles | the different forms of a gene |
| Chloroplast | the structure in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures energy from sunlight and uses it to produce food |
| Control | the part in an experiment to which you can compare the results of other tests |
| Fossil | the preserved remains or traces of an organism that lived in the past |
| Genetics | the scientific study of heredity |
| Genus | a classification grouping that consists of a number of similar, closely related species |
| Heredity | the passing of traits from parents to offspring |
| Homologous Structures | body parts that are structurally similar in related species; provide evidence that the structures were inherited from a common ancestor |
| Hybrid | an organism that has two different alleles for a trait; an organism that is heterozygous for a trait |
| Lysosome | a small, round cell structure containing chemicals that break down large food particles into smaller ones |
| Meiosis | the process that occurs in the formation of sex cells (sperm and egg) by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half |
| Natural Selection | the process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than other members of the same species |
| Passive Transport | the movement of materials through a cell membrane without using energy |
| Prokaryote | an organism whose cells lack an nucleus and some other cell structures |
| Purebred | the offspring of many generations that have the same traits |
| Quantitative Observation | an observation that deals with a number or an amount |
| Responding Variable | the factor that changes as a result of changes to the manipulated, or independent variable, in an experiment; also called the dependent variable |
| Science | a way of learning about the natural world through observations and logical reasoning; leads to a body of knowledge |
| Selectively Permeable | a property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot |
| Species | a group of organisms that are physically similar and can mate with each other and can also produce offspring that can mate and reporduce |
| Tissue | a group of similar cells that perform the same function |
| Variable | a factor that can change in an experiment |
| Adaptation | a behavior or physical characteristic that allows an organism to live successfully in its environment |
| Binomial Nomenclature | the system for naming organisms in which each organims is given a unique, two part scientific name indicating its genus and species |
| Classification | the process of grouping things based on their similarities |
| Controlled Experiment | an experiment in which only one variable is manipulated at a time |
| Data | facts, figures, and other evidence gathered through observations |
| Diploid | describes a cell that has two sets of chromosomes; one from each parent |
| Evolution | the gradual change in a species over time |
| Fertilization | the joining of a sperm and an egg |
| Gene | the set of information that controls a trait; a segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait |
| Genotype | an organism's genetic make-up, or allele combinations |
| Heterozygous | having two different alleles for a trait |
| Homozygous | having two identical alleles for a trait |
| Hypothesis | a possible explanation for a set of observations or answer to a scientific question; must be testable |
| Manipulated Variable | the one factor that a scientist changes during an experiment; also called the independent variable |
| Mutation | a change in a gene or chromosome |
| Osmosis | the diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane |
| Phenotype | an organism's physical appearance, or visible traits |
| Punnett Square | a chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross |
| Qualitative Observation | an observation that deals with characteristics that cannot be expressed in numbers |
| Recessive Allele | an allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present |
| Scientific Theory | a well-tested concept that explains a wide range of observations |
| Sexual Reproduction | a reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents |
| Taxonomy | the study of how living things are classified |
| Trait | a characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes |
| Vacuole | a sac inside a cell that acts like a storage area |
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