Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Brain&Behavior Ch8.1
Neuroendocrinology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What are the four types of chemical communication? | endocrine, synaptic, pheromone, and allomone |
| endocrine communication | in endocrine communication a hormone is released into the bloodstream to selectively act on target tissues |
| synaptic communication | chemical release and diffusion across a synapse |
| pheromone communcation | chemicals released outside the body to affect other individuals of the same species are pheromones |
| allomone communication | chemicals released outside the body to affect individuals of another species are allomones |
| ________ and _______ communication overlap and are continuous with one another | Neural and hormonal |
| how are hormones similar to neurotransmitters? | they act as signals to the body and act on cells with specific receptors |
| how are hormones different from neurotransmitters? | they are released into the bloodstream and have diffuse effects |
| Some endocrine glands release classic _____________ | neurotransmitters |
| Some neurons release what? | substances once thought to be exclusively peripheral hormones |
| Some of the cells of the brain act both like _______ and like _________ cells | neurons, endocrine cells |
| hormones | chemicals, secreted by one cell group, that travel through the bloodstream to act on targets through specialized receptors |
| endocrine glands do what? | release hormones WITHIN the body |
| exocrine glands do what? | use ducts to secrete fluid OUT of the body (tears and sweat) |
| anabolic steroids | Man-made substances related to male sex hormones |
| What are the different uses for anabolic steroids? | Used to treat hormonal problems in heterosexual and transgender men, delayed puberty, and muscle loss from disease. Athletes use it build muscles and improve athletic performance (illegal or unsafe) |
| the affects of anabolic steroids in men | Breast growth and shrinking of testicles |
| the affects of anabolic steroids in women | Voice deepening and growth of facial hair |
| other effects of anabolic steroids | acne, heart attack, high blood pressure, kidney damage, liver disease (cancer), and aggressive behavior |
| When we think of hormones, we think of what four things? | sex, aggression, stress, and social behavior |
| sex | -reproduction, child birth and nursing -gender preference & identity |
| aggression | violent crimes, explosive behavior |
| stress | hippocampal atrophy, neuronal death |
| social behavior | mood, altruism, pro/anti social behavior |
| effects of castration: __________ noted that roosters who are castrated when young do not develop properly in body or behavior | Aristotle |
| 1849 German physician Arnold Berthold did an experiment to show how testes affect the body. How did he do this? | He re-implanted one testis in body cavity. The roosters developed normal anatomy and behavior |
| What did Berthold conclude from his experiment? | that the effects were due to a substance |
| We would learn later that this hormone is __________ and that re-implanting only works in developing animal | testosterone |
| how can hormones be classified by? | chemical structure |
| Protein hormone, or peptide hormone | a hormone that consists of a string of amino acids |
| Amine hormones | modified version of a single amino acid, called monoamine hormones (melatonin, adrenaline) |
| Steroid hormones | derived from cholesterol and made of four rings of carbon atoms (estrogen, testosterone) |
| these three classes of hormones exert influences in _#_ different ways: | 2 |
| 1. Protein and amine hormones do what? | bind to specific receptors on the SURFACE of a cell |
| 1. the binding of protein and amine hormones to the receptors cause what? | release of a chemical signal,a second messenger, in the cell |
| these hormones are “____” acting hormones | fast (seconds – minutes) |
| 2. steroid hormones do what? | pass through the cell membrane and bind to receptors inside the cell |
| these hormones are “____” acting hormones | slow |
| The steroid-receptor complex binds to specific regions of DNA and controls what? | expression of specific genes |
| Almost all hormones act on more than one ______ organ | target organ |
| What are some effects of testosterone? (3) | • Triggers sperm generation • Facial hair, deep voice and more muscles • Triggers brain regions responsible for sexual behavior and aggression |
| A hormone may have different effects on each target, and act to c_________ different parts of the body | coordinate |
| One hormone may cause a response in more than one type of r_______ | receptor |
| One target organ may respond to several __________ | hormones – this is especially true in the brain |
| Multiple receptors are sensitive to same __________ | hormone |
| The same receptor may respond differently to same hormone when present on d_________ cells | different |
| Hormones rarely act a______ | alone |
| Many endocrine glands in the body. The _________ gland releases several hormones and regulates many endocrine glands | pituitary |
| pituitary stalk connects ________ to __________ | pituitary to hypothalamus |
| What are the two parts of the pituitary? | the anterior pituitary(front) and the posterior pituitary(rear) |
| Posterior pituitary: Neuroendocrine cells in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the h__________ produce h_________ | hypothalamus, hormones |
| Posterior pituitary: _______ _________ in hypothalamic neuroendocrine cells trigger release of hormone onto the c_________ in the posterior pituitary | Action potentials, capillaries |
| Posterior Pituitary releases 2 hormones into the bloodstream: | Oxytosin and Vasopressin |
| Neuroendocrine cells | specialized neurons that release hormones into the blood |
| Posterior Pituitary: Where do these action potentials come from? | neuroendocrine cells receive synaptic signals from other neurons and produce action potentials |
| Posterior Pituitary: These action potentials trigger the release of hormones. Thus, the ________ signal is being converted to a ________ signal | electrical, hormonal |
| Posterior Pituitary: oxytocin is involved in...(3) | reproductive and parenting behavior, uterine contractions, and milk letdown reflex |
| Posterior Pituitary: milk letdown reflex | reflexive release of milk by the mammary glands of a nursing female in response to suckling |
| milk letdown reflex: begins with sensory stimulation of receptors in the nipple that send signal to the _______ and then to the __________ | cortex, hypothalamus |
| mild letdown reflex: cells in the hypothalamus produce oxytocin and release it from the posterior pituitary. The oxytocin causes the cells of the _________ glands to contract, releasing milk | mammary |
| Posterior Pituitary: Oxytocin release increases pleasurable feelings during orgasm for men or women? | both men and women. ;) |
| Posterior Pituitary: an oxytocin–producing cell knockout mouse and makes them unable to recognize the _____ of previous female partners | smell |
| Posterior Pituitary: Infusion of oxytocin cures “social _______” | amnesia |
| Posterior Pituitary: Arginine vasopressin (AVP), or vasopressin – promotes _______ conservation and increases _______ _________ | water conservation, blood pressure |
| Posterior Pituitary: prarie voles couples form stable pair-bonds, which means what? | a durable and exclusive relationship between a male and a female |
| Posterior Pituitary: in male praire voles, it is __________ rather than _________ that facilitates the formation of a preference for female partners. | vasopressin, oxytocin |
| Posterior Pituitary: __________ Prairie Voles have dense concentrations of vasopressin receptors in the ventral pallidum (VP). Related _____________ Meadow Vole have fewer vassopressin receptors | Monogamous, non-monogamous |
| anterior pituitary contrary to posterior pituitary, contains __________ cells that synthesize and secrete different hormones | endocrine |
| the anterior pituitary hormones are called ________ hormones | tropic |
| anterior pituitary: Tropic hormones are pituitary hormones that affect _________ by other endocrine glands | secretion |
| anterior pituitary: Tropic hormones have ______ glands with specific hormone receptors (are created in the ant. pit.) | target |
| anterior pituitary: _________ hormones are used by the h__________ to control the release of tropic hormones | Releasing, hypothalamus |
| anterior pituitary: Neuroendocrine cell axons that produce releasing hormones converge on the ________ _________ and release hormones into ___________-________ ________ | median eminence, hypothalamic-pituitary portal |
| anterior pituitary: The median eminence contains ______ ________ that form the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system | blood vessels |
| anterior pituitary: Hypothalamic neurons synthesize releasing hormones that are secreted into _____ blood vessels and travel to the anterior pituitary | local |
| anterior pituitary: The secretion rate of releasing hormones governs the rate of what into the general circulation? | tropic hormone release |
| Hormone secretion is controlled by the brain in response to ________ and _______ cues | internal and external |
| Hormone release from neuroendocrine cells is regulated by a ________ system | feedback |
| Negative feedback – output feeds back and ______ signals for further secretion | inhibits |
| Hypothalamic neurons that synthesize releasing hormones are sensitive to two influences: | Circulating messages and Synaptic input |
| Circulating messages such as other hormones contribute to _________ feedback | negative |
| Synaptic input from other brain regions can be _________ or ___________ | inhibitory or excitatory |
| Circulating stress hormones can halt the production of G_____ ________ | Growth hormone |
| Growth hormone (GH): what kind of hormone is it and what is it secretes by? | a tropic hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary |
| In psychosocial dwarfism the brain does not produce the releasing hormones that stimulate GH secretion, and growth is ______ | stunted |
| Growth rates of abused children before and after the removal of abusive situation shows an immediate _______ in height | spike |
| Two anterior pituitary tropic hormones act on the gonads (ovaries and testes): what these collectively known as? | the gonadotropins |
| Two anterior pituitary tropic hormones act on the gonads: The ___________ controls gonadal hormone production by releasing __________ _________-_________ into the median eminence | hypothalamus, gonadotropin releasing-hormone (GnRH) |
| Two anterior pituitary tropic hormones act on the gonads: GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to release one or both gonadotropins. What are these gonadotropins? | Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) |
| Two anterior pituitary tropic hormones act on the gonads: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates what? | egg-containing follicles or sperm production |
| Two anterior pituitary tropic hormones act on the gonads: Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates follicles to form the _________ _______ in women, or ___________ production in males | corpora lutea, testosterone |
| Then the gonads produce steroid hormones and regulate ___________ | reproduction |
| Each testis or ovary has two compartments: one to produce ________ and one to produce _________ | hormones, gametes (eggs or sperm) |
| Testes produce and secrete testosterone, one of the male hormones called ________ | androgens |
| Ovaries produce two main classes of hormones: | Progestins (such as progesterone) and Estrogens (such as estradiol) |
| how does the ovulatory cycle begin? | when FSH stimulates ovarian follicles to grow and secrete estrogens |
| Oral contraceptives contain small amounts of synthetic hormones which exert ________ feedback on the hypothalamus, ________ GnRH | negative, inhibiting |
| Without ______, no FSH or LH is released and the ovary does not release an egg for fertilization | GnRH |
| Hormonal and neural systems work together, and communicate in four ways: | Neural-to-neural, Neural-to-endocrine, Endocrine-to-endocrine, and Endocrine-to-neural |
| the male ringdove sees an attractive female. The stimulation of his retina sets off a chain of ________-to-_________ transmission of information | neural-to-neural |
| the male's perception of an available mate activates a ________-to-__________ link as neurosecretory cells in his hypothalamus secrete GnRH into the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system | neural-to-endocrine |
| the pituitary mediates an ________-to-_________ signal, releasing LH and FSH. these hormones provide and __________-to-__________ signal, inducing eh testes to increase production and release of the hormone testosterone | endocrine-to-endocrine |
| tertosterone, in turn, uses an ___________-to-__________ link, altering the excitability of some brain neurons and thus causing the male to display courtship behavior | endocrine-to-neural |
| the female dove responds to his display, thus providing new visual stimulation to the male and further _________-to-_________ signals within his brain. Then the cycle begins again | neural-to-neural |
| The hormonal and neural systems exert reciprocal influences on each other: a cycle of change in _______ ________ to change in __________ to change in _________ back to the beginning of the cycle | hormone release, behavior, experience |
Created by:
cmccartney2
Popular Biology sets