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_________- a person's attitude about another ranging from strong liking to strong disliking
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We have an ______ to interact with people, because when your with others you feel better about yourself
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PSYC 2040 EXAM 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| _________- a person's attitude about another ranging from strong liking to strong disliking | interpersonal attraction |
| We have an ______ to interact with people, because when your with others you feel better about yourself | inborn tendency |
| _______-basic motive to seek and maintain interpersonal relationships | need for affiliation |
| ______ situations may increase the need to affiliate | threatening |
| We need to interact with others, this is a ____ trait | stable |
| if your need for interaction isnt met, it makes you depressed, this affects your _______ | cognitive process |
| ______-a person's emotional state: positive and negative feelings and moods | affect |
| ______ factors offer an explanation regarding why affect is a basic component of human behavior | evolutionary |
| ______ factors explains why people can respond to situations with excitement or caution | evolutionary |
| ____ state can affect interpersonal attraction | emotional |
| a ___ affect motivates you more to explore while a _____ affect makes us more cautious | positive; negative |
| the _____ effect of emotions on attraction are when positive affect leads to liking others while negative affect to disliking | direct |
| the ___ effect of emotions on attractions occurs when another person is present when one's emotional state is aroused by something or someone unrelated to that person | associated |
| ______ helps strengthen bonds between people | laughter |
| _____ affect to influence behavior includes media advertising attempts to manipulate affect to influence consumers' and voters' behavior | manipulating |
| ______-physical closeness between two individuals with (where they live, sit in a classroom, work etc.) | proximity |
| ________(aka the mere exposure effect)- frequent contact with any mildly negative, neutral, or positive stimulus increases positive evaluation. | repeated exposure |
| give an example of someone that applys effects of proximity | architects that used this research to design offices and neighborhoods to promote social interaction |
| _______-can arouse strong affect and may overcome the effects of proximity | first impressions |
| ______-combination of characteristics that are evaluated as beautiful or handsome at the positive extreme and as unattractive at the negative extreme | physical attractiveness |
| ________-worry about one's physical appearance and possible negative reactions from others. | appearance anxiety |
| What constitutes "attractiveness"?? | 1) identifying attractive individuals and discovering what characteristics they share 2) creating a composite image of combined faces |
| _________-attractiveness rating of a person is influenced by what rater was looking at (e.g., pictures of attractive people) prior to rating | contrast effect |
| Men's ____ is perceived to be related to qualities such as leadership and masculinity | height |
| people tend to elect the ____ (and most _____) candidate running for president | tallest; attractive |
| ______ is the least favored physique | excess fat |
| _____ is stigmatized and it can be associated with someone who is physically near a person who is obese | obesity |
| ________ predicts attraction | similarity-dissimilarity |
| __________-people respond positively if another person appears similar and negative to dissimilarity | similarity-dissimilarity effect |
| ___________-number of specific topics on which two people express similar views divided by the total number of topics discussed | proportion of similarity |
| _______-specifies the relationships among (1) liking for another person, (2) attitude about a topic, and (3) other person's attitude about same topic | balance theory |
| social comparison theory- similar others provide ________ of one's beliefs | consensual validation |
| _________ focuses on the adaptive value of associating with similar others | evolutionary perspective |
| what are the 3 theories associated with interactive determinants of attraction | balance theory, social comparison theory, and evolutionary perspective |
| the basic motive to seek and maintain interpersonal relationships | need for affiliation |
| the combination of characteristics that are evaluated as beautiful or handsome at the positive extreme and as unattractive at the negative extreme | physical attractiveness |
| Zajonc's finding that frequent contact with any mildly negative, neutral, or positive stimulus results in an increasingly positive evaluation of that stimulus. | repeated exposure effect |
| the consistent finding that people respond positively to indications that another person is similar to themselves and negatively to indications that another person is dissimilar from themselves | similarity-dissimilarity effect |
| the extent to which two individuals share the same attitudes | attitude similarity |
| the number of specific indicators that two people are similar divided by the number of specific indicators that two people are similar plus the number of specific indicators that they are dissimilar | proportion of similarity |
| Rosenbaum's provocative proposal that attraction is not increased by similar attitudes but is simply decreased by dissimilar attitudes. This hypothesis is incorrect as stated, | repulsion hypothesis |
| ______ hypothesis is incorrect as stated, but it is true that dissimilar attitudes tend to have negative effects that are stronger than the positive effects of similar attitudes | repulsion |
| the idea that although we would prefer to obtain extremely attractive romantic partners, we generally focus on obtaining ones whose physical beauty is about the same as our own. | matching hypothesis |
| the formulations of Heider and of Newcomb that specify that relationships among 1)an individual's liking for another person, 2)his or her attitude about a given topic, and 3)the other person's attitude about the same topic. | balance theory |
| ___(liking plus agreement) results in a positive emotional state. ____(liking plus disagreement) results in a negative state and a desire to restore balance. _____ (disliking plus either agreement or disagreement)leads to indifference. | balance; imbalance; nonbalance |
| balance (______) results in a positive emotional state. imbalance (_____) results in a negative state and a desire to restore balance. nonbalance (________)leads to indifference. | liking plus agreement; liking plus disagreement; disliking plus either agreement or disagreement |
| balance (liking plus agreement) results in a ________. imbalance (liking plus disagreement) results in a ___________. nonbalance (disliking plus either agreement or disagreement)leads to ______. | positive emotional state; negative state and a desire to restore balance; indifference |
| Festinger (1954) suggested that people compare themselves to others because, for many domains and attributes, there is no objective yardstick with which to evaluate the self, so we compare ourselves to others to gain this information | social comparison theory |
| the degree of security experienced in interpersonal relationships. differential styles initially develop in the interactions between infant and caregiver hen the infant acquires basic attitudes about self-worth and interpersonal trust. | attachment style |
| an attitudinal dimension underlying attachment styles that involves the belief that other people are generally trustworthy, dependable, and reliable as opposed to the belief that others are generally untrustworthy, undependable, and unreliable. | interpersonal trust |
| what is the most successful and most desirable attachment style? | secure attachment style |
| a style characterized by high self-esteem and high interpersonal trust. | secure attachment style |
| a style characterized by low self-esteem and low interpersonal trust. this is the most insecure and least adaptive attachment style | fearful-avoidant attachment style |
| a style characterized by low self-esteem and high interpersonal trust. | preoccupied attachment style |
| this is a conflicted and somewhat insecure style in which the individual strongly desires a close relationship but feels that he or she is unworthy of the partner and is thus vulnerable to being rejected | preoccupied attachment style |
| a style characterized by high self-esteem and low interpersonal trust. | dismissing attachment style |
| this is a conflicted and somewhat insecure style in which the individual feels that he or she deserves a close relationship but is frustrated because of mistrust of potential partners. | dismissing attachment style |
| the style that the result is the tendency to reject the other person at some point in the relationship to avoid being the one who is rejected. | dismissing attachment style |
| a relationship in which two people spend a great deal of time together, interact in a variety of situations, and provide mutual emotional support. | close friendship |
| a combination of emotions, cognitions, and behaviors that often play a crucial role in intimate relationships | love |
| an intense and often unrealistic emotional response to another person. when this emotion is experienced, it is usually perceived as an indication of true love, but to outside observers it appears to be infatuation. | passionate love |
| love felt by one person for another who does not feel love in return | unrequited love |
| love that is based on friendship, mutual attraction, shared interests, respect, and concern for one another's welfare. | companionate love |
| Sternberg's conceptualization of love relationships | triangular model of love |
| in Sternberg's triangular model of love, the closeness felt by two people-the extent to which they are bonded | intimacy |
| in Sternberg's triangular model of love, the sexual motives and sexual excitement associated with a couple's relationship | passion |
| in Sternberg's triangular model of love, these are the cognitive processes involved in deciding that you love another person and are committed to maintain the relationship | decision/commitment |
| in Sternberg's triangular model of love, a complete and ideal love that combines intimacy, passion, and decision (commitment). | consummate love |
| _______-efforts by one or more individuals to change the attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, or behaviors of one or more others | social influence |
| ______- a type of social influence in which individuals change their attitudes or behavior in order to adhere to social norms | conformity |
| ________-first to do research on conformity | Salem Asch |
| _____ are known to conform | 76% |
| ______-the degree to which you want to belong to a group; how bad do you want to be apart of that group? | cohesiveness |
| _________-conformity increases as the size of the group increases up until 8; after 8 people conformity plateaus | group size |
| _________-what most people do in a given situation | descriptive norms |
| _______-what you should do in a given situation | injunctive norms |
| what are the factors that affect conformity? | 1)cohesiveness 2)group size 3)descriptive norms 4)injunctive norms |
| give an example of a descriptive norm | the velvet ropes in a movie theater; most people follow them, but some skip them |
| _______-guide behavior in a given situation or environment (e.g., church or library) | situational norms |
| ______-based on the desire to be liked or accepted by others | normative social influence |
| _______-smoking and drinking because other people are doing it | normative social influence |
| _______-based on the desire to possess accurate social perceptions | informational social influence |
| _______-ex: you go to a party and see people doing certain things so you do it | informational social influence |
| ________-ex: lowering your voice in church or the library | situational norm |
| list the reasons why people conform | 1)Situational Norms 2)Normative Social Influence 3)Informational Social Influence |
| ______-people's need to be distinguishable from others in some respects | individuation |
| what is the reason why people do not conform | individuation |
| _______-ex. having tattoos or piercings to stand out | individuation |
| ________-type of social influence involving direct requests from one person to another | compliance |
| ________-simply asking someone to do something | compliance |
| list the principles that underlie compliance | 1)Friendship/Liking 2)Commitment/Consistency 3)Reciprocity 4)Scarcity 5)Authority |
| ______-requesters first induce target to like them | ingratiation |
| list tactics based on friendship or liking | ingratiation |
| give examples of ingratiation | compliments, flattery, etc.; slime effect can be a problem with this |
| list tactics based on commitment or consistency | 1)Foot-in-the-Door Technique 2)Lowball Procedure |
| ________-making a small request first, then if the person complies, then if you ask for a larger request later they are more likely to comply | Foot-in-the-Door Technique |
| _______-make an offer or deal, and once you accept, add more stuff for it | Lowball Procedure |
| list tactics based on reciprocity | 1)Door-in-the-Face Technique 2)That's Not All Technique |
| _______-you ask for something in the beginning, to hope to get something small | Door-in-the-Face Technique |
| ______-Not only will you (blank), but you'll also get (blank); Mostly commercials | That's Not All Technique |
| list tactics based on scarcity | 1)Playing Hard to Get 2)Deadline Technique |
| ________-suggesting that a person/object is scarce, therefore you need it | Playing Hard to Get |
| _______-suggesting there's a limited amount of time | Deadline Technique |
| _______-form of social influence in which one person simply orders one or more others to perform some action(s) | obedience |
| Obedience in the laboratory:_______'s Obedience Studies (1963, 1965a, 1974) | Milgram's |
| ________-use logical arguments and facts to persuade another to accept one's views | Rational Persuasion |
| ________-increase enthusiasm by appealing to values and ideals | Inspirational Appeal |
| _______-ask target person to participate in decision-making or planning | Consultation |
| _______-increase compliance by increasing positive mood or liking | ingratiation |
| List common tactics of social influence in work settings | 1)Rational Persuasion 2)Inspirational Appeal 3)Consultation 4)Ingratiation 5)Exchange 6)Personal Appeal 7)Coalition-Building 8)Legitimating 9)Pressure |
| ______-promise benefit in exchange for compliance | Exchange |
| ______-appeal to loyalty and friendship before request is made | Personal Appeal |
| ______-seek assistance of others, mention their support | Coalition-Building |
| _______-mention one's status, verify that request is consistent with policies and practice | Legitimating |
| ______-use demands, threats, or intimidation | Pressure |
| ________-increased numbers decrease probability of providing (informational influence) | The Bystander Effect |
Created by:
kenzey11