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ES 08.2 Earthquakes
Terms associated with earthquakes.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| any of the forces that act on rock along a plate boundary causing deformation | stress |
| stress that squeezes rock along a fault | compression |
| stress that tries to pull rock apart along a fault | tension |
| stress that tries to twist rock along a fault | shear |
| in general, any deformation that occurs in rock in response to stress along a fault | strain |
| describes strain (deformation) in rock which disappears if stress acting on the rock is reduced | elastic deformation |
| describes strain (deformation) in rock which permanently distorts it when stress exceeds the elastic limit | plastic deformation |
| describes what happens to rock when the stress acting on it exceeds rock strength | failure (breakage) |
| any fracture in earth's crust along which movement may occur | fault |
| describes a fault that results in one side dropping lower as tension (pulling) forces act on the fault | normal fault |
| describes a fault that results in one side moving upward as compression (squeezing) forces act on the fault | reverse fault |
| describes a fault along which shear (twisting) forces cause horizontal movement | slip-strike fault |
| synonym for 'earthquake waves' | seismic waves |
| fastest seismic waves that cause earth to vibrate parallel to the direction of the wave | Primary (P) waves |
| seismic waves that cause earth to vibrate perpendicular to the direction of the wave and only travel through solids | Secondary (S) waves |
| seismic waves that cause most of the damage during earthquakes, moving along the top of the ground and causing particles to move in circles | surface waves |
| exact origin of an earthquake, often well below the surface | focus |
| area on surface of earth directly above location of earthquake origin | epicenter |
| instrument that detects seismic waves | seismometer (seismograph) |
| paper or data record of waves produced by earthquake | seismogram |
| graph showing arrival time for S and P waves for distances | travel-time curve |
| number of seismometer stations whose seismograms are required to find location of an epicenter | three (3) |
| process of locating an epicenter using the data from three seismometer stations | triangulation |
| S waves do not move through this layer of earth, indicating that it must be liquid | outer core |
| this scale numerically rates the energy of seismic waves (based on size of the largest) | Richter scale |
| height of a wave (earthquake or otherwise) | amplitude |
| energy of seismic waves as rated by the Richter scale | magnitude |
| how much greater is the amplitude of largest seismic waves for a magnitude increase of 1 | 10x |
| how much greater is the energy of largest seismic waves for a magnitude increase of 1 | 32x |
| this scale rates the total amount of energy released by an earthquake and is most often cited by news reporters when describing an earthquake size | moment magnitude scale |
| this scale measures the damage caused by an earthquake on a scale of I to XII | Mercalli scale |
| structural failure during an earthquake that occurs when floors of a tall building collapse on top of each other | "pancaking" |
| failure of ground during an earthquake where water-saturated soil acts like a liquid, often causing buildings to sink and/or buried objects to float up | soil liquefaction |
| fast-moving wave formed when seafloor rises and lifts a column of water during a quake, often causing the most damage/loss of life | tsunami |
Created by:
goakley
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