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Bio chapter 14
bio flash
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Speciation | process where one species splits into two or more species |
| Evolution gives reason why | so many species exist |
| Genetic mutations and sex reproduction | can results in one population diverging and becoming new species |
| Species definition | group of populations whose members interbreed to produce fertile offspring |
| Prezygotic reproductive barriers | prevent mating or formation of zygote |
| Postzygotic reproductive barriers | zygote or offspring doesn't survive and cant mate (ex. Liger) |
| Habitat Isolation | populations at different habitats |
| Temporal Isolation | mating occur in different seasons or different times of the day "time separates them" |
| Behavioral Isolation | behaviors of males or females does not attract attention of opposite sex |
| Mechanical Isolation | reproductive structures are incompatible. (ex. snails different swirls in shell)` |
| Gamete Isolation | egg and sperm unite and fertilization fails to occur |
| List prezygotic barriers | habitat, temporal, behavioral, mechanical and gamete isolaton |
| Reduced Hybrid viability | zygotes do not reach sexual maturity |
| reduced hybrid fertility | hybrids are not fertile and fail to produce offspring (no young) |
| hybrid breakdown | hybrids are fertile but consecutive generatons maybe unfertile or feeble * |
| List the postzygotic barriers | reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility, hybrid break down |
| Gene flow | the gain or loss of alleles from a population by the movement of individuals or gametes into or out of the population. |
| Once gene flow is stopped or stemmed | populatons may face changes in allele frequency. This allows factors like genetic drift |
| Genetic drift | a change in the gene pool of a population due to chance. |
| Allopatric speciation | physically isolates species (land, river, mountains) depending on size * |
| Allopatric speciation occurs when populations separated is smaller | because genetic drift occurs more readily. |
| Sympatric speciation | population becomes new species in the midst of parent population |
| For plants adding extra set of chromosomes by accident in meiosis commonly results in this type of speciation | sympatric speciation |
| 3 facts about pace of speciation | evolution, punctuated and gradual hypotheses |
| Evolution | happens over long period of time (ex. dogs) |
| Puncuated | new species change from parent population very quickly as it first splits and change very little or not at all as time goes on |
| Gradual | new species change gradually from the parent population over a long period of time |
| Macroevolution | evolutionary change on large scale |
| This includes evolutionary novelties, new groups, and mass extinction | Macroevolution |
| Novel traits easy to track | but hard to asses |
| Evolutionary developmental biology | studies the evolution of developmental processes in multicellular organisms |
| Homeostatic genes | play an important role in the development of noval parts |
| Paedomorphosis | juvenile characteristics that are kept into adult hood (ex. skull, idea of play) |
| Geologic Time SCale | the estimation of important geologic ages separated into erAS that denote important changes that occurred on earth |
| Four major eras on geologic scale | Cenozoic, Mesozoic, Paleozoic, precambrian |
| Cenozoic era | present day to 65mya |
| Mesozoic era | 65-251 mya |
| Paleozoic era | 251-452mya |
| precambrian | 542 mya- origin |
| Tectonic plates | move slowly over millions of years. Finding these historical arrangement allows biologists to solve many evolutionary puzzles. |
| Marsupial | a pouched mammal that gives birth to embryonic offspring that complete development while housed in a pouched and attached to the nipples on the mothers abdomen |
| Radiometric dating | the use of decay rates of chemicals |
| Carbon-14 | used to date age of remanents of biological life |
| Urannium 235 | used to date rocks fossils 10,000 years or older |
| Binomial | two word latin phrase |
| 1 facts about binomials | the first part of the name is the genus and the second is unique species name |
| 2 fact botu binamials | the whole name italicized an the genus is capitalized (ex. Glasswing butterfly= Greta oto) |
| Clade | consists of ancenstral species and all its descendents (buying horses) |
| analogous structures | arise because of coevolution which is where the forces of natural selection work similarly on unrelated organisms |
| Analogous structure define | fulfill similar functions but evolve independently |
| Plant | multicellular eukaryte that undergoes photynthesis |
| plants all evolved from a single celled algae called | charofytes |
| There is a four-stage hypothesis for the origin of life: | true |
| 1. Abiotic synthesis of organic monomers | The environment of early Earth supported the production of simple organic monomers such as amino acids |
| 2. Abiotic synthesis of polymers | One hypothesis is that the solutions containing monomers were being constantly vaporized increasing the concentrations of monomers |
| 3. Formation of pre-cells | In order to support life there needs to be a way to hold in all organic components needed for life It is hypothesized that a pre-cell could protect and collect all organic components needed to produce life |
| 4. Origin of self-replicating molecules | In order to have life it needs to be able to reproduce It is hypothesized that RNA was the first medium for reproduction The use of ribozymes helps catalyze this early form of reproduction which would later support full cell reproduction |
| All prokaryotes have | no membrane bound organelles, contain cell walls, and have no nucleus |
| Prokaryotes have three basic cell shapes: | Cocci- circular shaped Bacilli- rod shaped Spirochetes- spiral shaped |
| Two main prokaryotes | true |
| Bacteria- | prokaryotes that survive and exist on many surfaces including other living organisms |
| Archaea- | extremophile prokaryotes that differ from bacteria by the chemical make-up of their cell membranes |
| Extremophile- | organisms that are able to successfully live in extreme environments |
| Prokaryotes have the most diverse forms of obtaining | nutrients from their environments |
| Photoautotrophes- | organisms that gain energy from light and their carbon from CO2 |
| Chemoautotrophes | - organisms that gain energy from light and their carbon from organic compounds |
| Photoheterotrophes- | organisms that gain energy from chemicals and their carbon from CO2 |
| Chemoheterotrophes | organisms that gain energy from chemicals and their carbon from organic compounds |
| Prokaryotes mainly use asexual reproduction in a process called | called binary fission which produces two whole, identical, ‘adult’ bacteria |
| There are some prokaryotes that form specialized cells to survive past unfavorable conditions, called | endospores |
| These endospores | are dormant prokaryote cells that can survive high temperatures and severe traumas while the interior genetic information stays intact |
| Protist | single or multicellular organisms that contain membrane bound organelles |
| These include: Protozoans, slime molds, algae, seaweeds | protist |
| Protists have three general modes of obtaining nutrients | true |
| autotroph | uses light to harness energy |
| Heterotroph- | uses organic compounds to harness energy |
| Mixotroph- | uses both light and organic compounds to harness energy |
| Protozoans- | - single celled, organisms that live in water and eat organic compounds or are parasites |
| Parasites- | - gain nutrients from living hosts |
| Four major types of protozoans (locomotion): | true |
| Flagellates- | - use flagella |
| Amoebas- | amorphous, may have a pseudopodia, or false foot |
| Apicomplexans | - parasitic protozoans |
| Ciliates | use cilia |
| Slime molds | species can be categorized as plasmodial or cellular slime mold |
| Plasmodial slime mold- | during their feeding stage this species exists as a mass, called plasmodium, that is only one cell but has many nucleus |
| Cellular slime mold- | is sometimes found as a single cell but goes through 3 life stagesThough called a mold they are more related to protists than fungi |
| Algae | unicellular, photosynthetic protists Three main categories: dinoflagellate, diatoms, green algae |
| Seaweed- larger, multicellular marine algae | Three different groups: green, brown, and red algae |
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