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Histology
Digestive-1: Oral cavity and Assoc. Structures
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 3 parts of the small intestine? | duodenum, jejunum, and ileum |
| What are the 4 parts of the large intestine? | cecum, appendix; ascending, transverse, and descending colon |
| What are the 4 layers of the GI tube? | Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa |
| What must most substances that enter the body first cross? | alimentary mucosa |
| What are the 5 functions of the alimentary mucosa? | secretion, absorption, barrier, immunologic protection |
| What are the two divisions of the oral cavity? | vestibule (between lips, cheeks, and teeth) and oral cavity proper (space behind teeth) |
| The major salivary glands are surrounded by a capsule of what? | moderately dense connective tissue |
| What does the septa of the paired salivary glands divide them into? | lobules |
| What are 3 types of acini? | serous (spheroidal, protein secreting), mucous (tubular, mucin), and mixed |
| What is the basic unit of the salivary glands? | salivon |
| What does a salivon consist of? | acinus (blind sac), striated duct, excretory duct |
| What type of well developed ducts do serous glands have and what do they do? | Intercalated ducts and striated ducts... modify serous secretions by absorption of specific components and secretion of additional components to form saliva |
| Mucous glands have what type of ducts? | poorly developed intercalated ducts (secretions are not modified) |
| What is the duct of the Parotid called and where does it open? | Stenson's duct, oral cavity at parotid papillae opposite 2nd molar |
| What are the secretory units of the parotid gland and what type of ducts are present? | serous, numerous long intercalated ducts and long and conspicuous striated ducts |
| What type of tissue is often seen with the parotid gland? | large amounts of adipose tissue, a diagnostic feature |
| What cranial nerve passes through the gland? | CN VII |
| What viral infection of the parotid could damage the facial nerve? | mumps |
| Where is the submandibular gland located? | beneath the mandible |
| What is the duct of the submandibular gland and where does it open? | Wharton's duct, sublingual caruncle on either side of the lingual frenulum below tongue |
| What type of secretion is predominant of the submandibular gland? | serous (mucous acini are seen with serous demilune caps) |
| Where is the sublingual gland located? | inferior to tongue on floor of oral cavity |
| What type of secretion is predominant of the sublingual gland? | mucous (some mucous acini have serous demilunes) |
| What are serous demilunes? | artifacts of fixation |
| What moistens oral mucosa and dry food to aid in swallowing, and provides for dissolved and suspended food to stimulate taste buds? | saliva |
| Saliva has a high concentration of what to buffer the contents of the oral cavity? | bicarbonate ions |
| What enzyme does saliva contain to digest carbohydrates? | alpha-amylase |
| What enzyme does saliva contain that controls the bacterial flora of the oral cavity? | lysozyme (muramidase) which lyses the muramic acid in certain bacteria |
| What immunoglobulin does saliva contain? | IgA |
| What makes IgA? | plasma cells in the connective tissue surrounding the secretory acini of salivary glands |
| Describe the process of the immunologic function of saliva. | internalization of IgA molecules occurs through receptor mediated endocytosis into acinar cells... then SECRETORY IgA (sIgA) IS THEN RELEASED INTO THE LUMEN OF THE SALIVARY DUCT |
| What and where are myoepithelial cells found? | contractile cells that function to move secretory products toward the excretory duct and are found on the basal aspect of acinar secretory cells |
| What is the tonsillar ring called? | Waldeyer's lymphatic ring |
| What does the tonsillar ring include? | palatine tonsils, tubal tonsils, pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids), and lingual tonsils |
| What is and where is the masticatory mucosa found? | keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, parakeratinized in some areas... found on gingiva and hard palate |
| What is parakeratinized epithelium? | similar to keratinized epithelium except that superficial cells do not lose nuclei |
| What does the keratinized epithelium of masticatory mucosa resemble? what is it lacking in comparison? | skin, lacks stratum lucidium |
| What does lining mucosa cover? | striated muscle, bone, glands |
| What type of epithelium does the lining mucosa have? | nonkeratinized but may be parakeratinized in some places |
| What are the 3 layers of the nonkeratinized (thicker than keratinized) epithelium of lining mucosa? | stratum basale (single layer), stratum spinosum (several layers), stratum superficiale |
| What are found in the lining mucosal epithelium also found in the skin? | keratinocytes, langerhans cells, melanocytes (NEURAL CREST CELLS), Merkel's cells (modified epidermal cells in stratum basale) |
| In what orientation do muscle fibers of the tongue run? | in 3 planes and perpendicular to each other |
| What do smooth bulges on the dorsal surface of the tongue indicate? | lingual tonsils in the lamina propria |
| What divides the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of the tongue? | V-shaped depression: SULCUS TERMINALIS |
| What is at the apex of the sulcus terminalis? | foramen cecum, remnant of thyroid formation during development |
| What are 4 types of lingual papillae? | Filiform (small and most numerous), Fungiform (mushroom), Circumvallate (large, dome, anterior to sulcus terminalis), Foliate (rabbits) |
| What lingual papillae are taste buds found on? | fungiform, foliate, and circumvallate papillae |
| Where is the taste pore? | small opening at the apex of the bud |
| Besides papillae, where else are taste buds found? | palatoglossal arch, soft palate, posterior surface of the epiglottis, posterior wall of the pharynx down to level of cricoid cartilage |
| What are 3 principle cell types found in taste buds? | neuroepithelial cells (microvilli, basal lamina to taste pore, make synapses w/ afferent processes of cn VII IX or X), supporting cells (basal lamina to taste pore, microvilli, do not synapse w/ afferent processes of CNs), basal cells (stem cells) |
| What are teeth embedded and attached to? | alveolar processes |
| How many deciduous baby teeth are there? how many adult teeth? | 20, 32 |
| What is enamel made of and what does it cover? | hydroxyapatite, crown of tooth |
| What cells produce enamel? | cells of ectodermal origin |
| What is the most abundant dental tissue and where is it found? | Dentin, lies deep to enamel |
| What cells secrete dentin? | odontoblasts which are columnar cells with developed RER, large golgi, and other organelles associated with synthesis and secretion of large amts of protein |
| What cells secrete cementum? | cementocyte that closely resemble osteocytes |
| Unlike bone, cementum is____? | avascular |
| What tissue does tooth pulp consist of? | loose connective tissue |
| Tooth pulp is _____ and supplied by ____ nerves. | highly vascularized, abundant nerves |
| Where do blood vessels and nerves enter the pulp cavity? | tip of the root: APICAL FORAMEN |
| What characterizes pulp nerve fibers and what are they sensitive to? | unmyelinated, sensitive only to pain |
| What other components are found in the central pulp cavity? | ODONTOBLASTS, FIBROBLASTS, thin collagen fibers, ground substance that contains glycoaminoglycans |
| What are supporting tissues for the teeth? | alveolar margins of maxilla and mandible, periodontal ligament and gingiva |
| What is the periodontal ligament? | fibrous connective tissue that joins the tooth to the bone and provides for proprioception |
| What forms the peg-in-socket joint? | tooth, periodontal ligament, and socket form GOMPHOSIS |
| Poor oral health may be associated with what? | 1. cardiovascular disease such as bacteria endocarditis and atherosclerosis 2. Premature birth 3. diabetes may be more difficult to control |
Created by:
shuckybean
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