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mitosis and meiosis
notes vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are two scenarios where mitosis is common? | replacing dead cells and growth/development periods |
| How many chromosomes are found in a diploid human cell during G2 phase? | 46 typically: 23 pairs |
| What is the symbol for diploid | 2n |
| What holds together sister chromatids? | centromere/ kinetochore |
| What are the identical strands of DNA that are held together to form bivalent chromosomes? | sister chromatids |
| What are the three subphases of interphase? | G1, S, G2 |
| Which subphase of interphase doubles (replicates) the DNA? | S (synthesis) |
| What is the unwound form of the DNA/protein combination? | chromatin |
| What is the wound up form of the DNA/protein combination? | chromosome |
| When are chromosomes present in the cell cycle? | Only during mitosis/meiosis. |
| What are the microtubules that shorten to move chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell during mitosis? | spindle fibers |
| When a centromere is pulled apart during the separation of a bivalent chromosome, what is the resulting chromosome called? | daughter chromosomes |
| What is the place where protein belts accomplish cytokinesis in animal cells? | cleavage furrow: protein belt |
| What is the place where the golgi bodies line up and make a new cell wall during cytokinesis for plant cells? | cell plate: golgi line up and secrete new cell wall |
| How many chromosomes are there in a nucleus of a human skin cell that has just completed mitosis and cytokinesis? | 46 (daughter/single copy type) chromosomes |
| How many chromosomes in a cell that has just completed mitosis but has not done cytokinesis yet? | 92: 46 per nuclei as the 46 bivalent chromosomes were pulled apart |
| What is the biggest advantage of sexual reproduction? | increases variation |
| Where does meiosis occur in humans? | gonads |
| Where does meiosis occur in females? | female gonads: ovaries |
| Where does meiosis occur in males? | male gonads: testes |
| How many rounds of nuclear division occur in meiosis? | 2 |
| When the two homologous bivalent chromosomes line up during meiosis I what is the combination called? | tetrad (FOUR) |
| When the tetrad forms, what process occurs where pieces of homologous chromosomes are traded? | crossing over |
| What is the purpose of crossing over? | increase variation |
| What phase of meiosis is when crossing over occurs? | prophase I |
| What are the two chromosomes called that are of the same type with one coming from each parent? | homologous chromosomes: same genes, but different alleles for those genes |
| Why does replication have to happen before mitosis? | So each cell /nucleus has its own exact copy of chromosome |
| How many autosomes are in a sperm? | 22: 1 sex chromosome |
| What are the sex chromosomes of a female? | XX |
| How many autosomes in a skin cell of a human? | 44 |
| What is the female gamete? | egg (ovum) |
| What is the male gamete? | sperm |
| What is oogenesis? | process of making an ovum or egg in the ovaries |
| What are the four ways to increase variation? | 1. mutations 2. sexual reproduction: two sources 3. random fertilization: sperm egg choice 4. crossing over: mixes chromosomes more |
| On average, how many of your chromosomes are identical to your great grandmother assuming you are a girl and there was no crossing over? | 5.75 (6) 23 of mom 11.5 of each of her parents, and 5.75 of each of her grandparents 6? |
| What is the lump of undifferentiated cells? | tumor |
| What kind of tumors are spreading? | malignant |
| What kind of tumors are not spreading? | benign |
| What is the process of cancer spreading called? | metastasis |
| What are cells that are in the G0 phase? | muscles, neurons, organs that are fully formed (no growth/devopment) although some cells are replacing damaged cells in some organs. |
| What are the three stages of the cell cycle? | interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis |
| Which two stages of the cell cycle are involved with cell division? | mitosis, cytokinesis |
| On average, how many of your great grandmothers chromosomes would be in her granddaughter | 1/4 (1/2 to son/daughter who passes on half to granddaughter) Your mom |
| What is MPF made of? | CDK and cyclin |
| What builds up in a cell to get pass the checkpoint and begin mitosis? | cyclins |
| What do cyclins bind to? | CDK |
| What is K in CDK? | kinase |
| What is C in CDK? | Cyclin |
| What is the gene that when mutated can lead to more cell division than normal? | ras |
| What is the "guardian angel" of the cell? | p53 |
| What are two reasons older people get cancer more often than younger people? | immune system not as strong, more time to build up needed mutations |
| Why is targeted therapy better than general chemotherapy? | General chemotherapy and radiation therapy kill many healthy cells all over the body whereas targeted therapies go after cancer only. |
| What type of gene is p53? | tumor supressor |
| Other than fixing the DNA how can p53 stop the ras gene mutation from causing cancer? | apoptosis of the problematic cell |
| what is programmed cell death? | apoptosis |
| If the p value is larger than 0.5 do you reject or accept the null? | accept |
| If the X2 gets larger, what happens to the p value? | smaller |
| if the difference between observed and expected gets larger, what happens to the X2 value? | larger |
| if the difference between observed and expected gets larger, what happens to the p value? | smaller |
Created by:
whames4