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Cellular Energetics
Basic, Beyond Basic and Lab Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| enzyme (function) | proteins that increase the rate of a reaction by lowering the energy of activation [B] |
| enzyme (structure) | in order to react, the substrate (reactant) must fit into the active site of the enzyme [B] |
| ATP | adenosine tri-phosphate is the universal energy molecule which releases energy when a phosphate is lost converting the molecule to ADP [B] |
| autotrophs and heterotrophs | 1) organisms that produce their own food (usually plants from the sun's energy) 2) organisms that consume their food [B] |
| photosynthesis (location) | chloroplast (usually in plant cells) [B] |
| photosynthesis (purpose) | the process that converts sun's energy into sugar [B] |
| photosynthesis (equation) | light + CO2 + H2O ---> O2 + C6H12O6 (light + carbon dioxide + water yields oxygen + glucose [B] |
| photosynthesis (steps) | 1) light dependent reactions 2) calvin cycle [B] |
| cellular respiration (location) | mitochondria and cytosol [B] |
| cellular respiration (purpose) | the process that releases ATP energy from sugar (glucose) [B] |
| cellular respiration (equation) | O2 + C6H12O6 ---> ATP + CO2 + H2O (or oxygen + glucose yields ATP + carbon dioxide + water) [B] |
| cellular respiration (steps) | 1) glycolysis 2) Krebs cycle (or citric acid cycle) 3) electron transport chain/chemiosmosis [B] |
| cofactors and coenzymes | inorganic and organic helpers that fit into the active site of an enzyme and assist in enzyme function [BB] |
| substrate | the substance on which an enzyme works [BB] |
| active and allosteric site | 1) portion of an enzyme that attaches to the substrate 2) portion of the enzyme other than the active site where molecules bind, causing a change in the shape of the active site, making it either more or less receptive to the substrate [BB] |
| competitive inhibitor | A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics [BB] |
| entropy | A quantitative measure of disorder or randomness [BB] |
| fermentation | A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without oxygen or an electron transport chain (mitochondria) and that produces a characteristic end-product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid. [BB] |
| glycolysis | The splitting of glucose into pyruvate. It is the one metabolic pathway that occurs in all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or cellular (aerobic) respiration. [BB] |
| Krebs cycle | A chemical cycle that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion; the second major stage in cellular respiration (aka citric acid cycle) [BB] |
| Electron Transport Chain + Chemiosmosis | 1) A sequence of electron-carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions. 2) The production of ATP using the energy of hydrogen-ion gradients and ATP Synthase (last stage of cellular respiration) [BB] |
| Light Dependent Reactions | The first stage photosynthesis that occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast and converts solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, releasing oxygen in the process. [BB] |
| Calvin Cycle | The second of two major stages in photosynthesis, involving atmospheric CO2 fixation and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate (aka light independent reactions) [BB] |
| electron acceptors | Substance that accepts or receives electrons in an oxidation-reduction reaction, becoming reduced in the process. (oxygen is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration) [BB] |
| catalase | Catalase is a common enzyme found in nearly all living organisms exposed to oxygen (such as vegetables, fruit or animals). It catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. [Lab: Enzyme Activity] |
| hydrogen peroxide decomposition | produces water and oxygen (more rapidly in the presence of an enzyme) [Lab: Enzyme Activity] |
| denatured | the change in shape of an enzyme, thereby becoming biologically inactive which occurs under extreme conditions of pH, salt concentration, or temperature. [Lab: Enzyme Activity] |
| rate of enzyme activity (substrate concentration) | increase in concentration of substrate will increase the rate of enzyme activity up until the point where the enzymes become saturated with substrate [Lab: Enzyme Activity] |
| rate of enzyme activity (enzyme concentration) | increase in concentration of the enzyme will increase the rate of enzyme activity as long as the substrate is present in an excess amount [Lab: Enzyme Activity] |
| rate of enzyme activity (pH) | each enzyme type has an optimum pH level with the highest rate of enzyme activity (too low or too high decreases the rate or even leads to denaturation) [Lab: Enzyme Activity] |
| rate of enzyme activity (temperature) | each enzyme type has an optimum temperature with the highest rate of enzyme activity (too low or too high decreases the rate or even leads to denaturation) [Lab: Enzyme Activity] |
| enzyme substrate complex | formed when a substrate fits into the induced fit at the active site of an enzyme (causing the substrate to form into a product) [Lab: Enzyme Activity] |
| leaf disks | circle of spinach leaf cut with a hole puncher [Lab: Photosynthesis] |
| ET50 | the time it takes for 50% of the total number leaf disks to float to the top [Lab: Photosynthesis] |
| air space | space in the spongy mesophyll of a leaf that is filled by the oxygen produced during photosynthesis -- causes the leaf to float [Lab: Photosynthesis] |
| rate of photosynthesis (% sodium bicarbonate in solution) | serves as a carbon source for photosynthesis and more increases the rate of photosynthesis [Lab: Photosynthesis] |
| rate of photosynthesis (light intensity) | absorbed by chlorophyll during photosynthesis and more increases the rate of photosynthesis [Lab: Photosynthesis] |
| rate of photosynthesis (color of light) | red, blue and violet increase the rate of photosynthesis (green is reflected and does not increase the rate of photosynthesis) [Lab: Photosynthesis] |
| rate of photosynthesis (temperature) | more heat increases kinetic energy and the rate of photosynthesis (up to a point) [Lab: Photosynthesis] |
| KOH | reacts with carbon dioxide (to produce potassium carbonate) produced during cellular respiration, so that only a decrease of oxygen gas is observed [Lab: Cell Resp] |
| respirometer | a device used to measure the rate of cellular respiration of a living organism by measuring its rate of exchange of oxygen [Lab: Cell Resp] |
| glass beads | used to give equal volume in the respirometers and to account for changes in pressure [Lab: Cell Resp] |
| dry peas | non-germinating peas that act as a control when comparing the rate of cellular respiration [Lab: Cell Resp] |
| germinating peas | sprouting peas that are at a high rate of cellular respiration [Lab: Cell Resp] |
| rate of cellular respiration (temperature) | higher rate in the respirometer in the room temperature bath (as opposed to the ice bath) [Lab: Cell Resp] |
| absorbent and non-absorbent cotton | 1) holds the KOH 2) blocks the KOH from reaching the peas [Lab: Cell Resp] |
Created by:
cfigueiredo
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