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nervous system
nervous system patho
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the central nervous system is encased by | bone (the skull and vertebral column), a variety of membranes (dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid membrane), and cerebrospinal fluid. |
| The thick outer membrane is adherent to the bone of the cranium and follows the major fissures of the brain to secure it in place. | (dura mater) |
| The thinner inner membranes (pia and arachnoid) are referred to as the ______________and follow the contours of the brain. | leptomeninges |
| Beneath the arachnoid membrane is the subarachnoid space in which the ____________ flows. | cerebrospinal fluid |
| These are the functional units of the nervous system and populate both the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). | NEURONS |
| They consist of a cell body, afferent dendritic processes, and the efferent axon which in most instances is surrounded by a myelin sheath. | neurons |
| These are glial cells which act as stromal (supportive) cells of the nervous system and react to CNS injury much like fibroblasts do in other tissues. | ASTROCYTES - |
| These are glial cells which function as CNS macrophages. | MICROGLIA |
| These are specialized ciliated glial cells which line the ventricular cavities and central canal of the spinal cord. | EPENDYMA |
| These are glial cells which form myelin sheaths around nerve fibers of the central nervous system early in fetal life. | OLIGODENDROGLIA |
| Once the myelin is initially formed, they are necessary to maintain its integrity throughout life but can not or can replace destroyed myelin. | cannont |
| These cells form and maintain the myelin sheaths around peripheral nerve axons. | SCHWANN CELLS |
| can damage to myelin sheaths around peripheral nerve axons be regenerated by the Schwann cells. | yes |
| General reactions to injury include | cerebral edema |
| cerebral edema will lead to | increased intracranial pressure |
| The clinical presentation is usually intermittent headache, mental slowness, confusion, and papilledema (swelling of the optic disc in the eye). | cns reaction to injury |
| major life threatening complication of cns reaction to injury is | herniation of the brain |
| uncal herniations, and tonsillar herniations respectively. | subfalcine herniations, |
| The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced by the | choroid plexus |
| csf is reabsorbed into the venous circulation through the | arachnoid granulations |
| If hydrocephalus occurs before the cranial bones fuse in infancy, there is resultant | enlargement of the head |
| The following symptoms are related to what: headache, nausea, vomiting | increased intracranial pressure |
| Slowly progressive hydrocephalus, however, may not show elevated CSF pressures (normal pressure hydrocephalus) and may be clinically manifested by progressive | dementia, gait disturbances, and incontinence. |
| This relates to compensatory ventricular dilation secondary to brain atrophy. | Hydrocephalus ex-vacuo |
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