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Intro. to Metabolsim
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Metabolism | The totatlity of an organisms chemical reactions |
| Metabolic Pathway | A specific molecule is altered in a series of defined steps, resulting in a product |
| Catabolic pathway | metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones |
| Anabolic pathway | a pathway that consumes energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones |
| Energy | The capacity to cause change |
| Thermal energy | kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules, this energy transfer from one form to another is called heat |
| Kinetic energy | energy in motion |
| Potential energy | energy that matter holds because of its location or structure |
| Chemical energy | is the potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction |
| Thermodynamics | The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter |
| 1st Law of Thermodynamics | The energy of the universe is constant, it can be transferred or transformed, but cannot be created or destroyed |
| 2nd Law of Thermodynamics | Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe |
| Entropy | a measure of disorder or randomness |
| G, Gibbs free energy | The portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system |
| Exergonic reaction | reaction that proceeds with a net release of free energy |
| negative change in energy | occurs in exergonic reactions because the products end up with much less energy than the reactants |
| Endergonic reaction | a reaction that absorbs free energy, thus the products created are storing free energy |
| positive change in energy | are endergonic reactions because the products have a higher energy level than the reactants |
| Energy coupling | cells manage their energy resources to work by using an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one |
| ATP | acts as the intermediate source of energy that powers cellular work. releases energy when the molecule releases its third phosphate |
| ADP | Adenosine Diphosphate, is recycled back into the system to and converted back into ATP |
| Activation Energy (Ea) | initial investment of energy for starting the reaction |
| Enzyme | a macromolecule (protein) that speeds up a reaction by acting as a catalyst |
| Catalyst | A chemical reagent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed in the process |
| Substrate | The reactant an enzyme act on is referred to as the enzymes |
| Enzyme-substrate complex | The enzyme binds to its substrate(s) to form the |
| Active Site | The exact location on the enzyme that a substrate binds to, fitting like a lock and key |
| Induced fit | once the substrate binds to the active site, the enzyme changes shape to fit more tightly. this allows the enzyme to either bring two reactants closer together OR places pressure on the bonds of one reactant to form its products |
| Optimal conditions | each enzyme has an optimal temperature or optimal pH at which the enzyme is in its most active shape |
| Denaturation | when factors such as temperature, pH and salinity exceed the optimal condition, the protein loses its 3D shape, the secondary and tertiary shape is lost |
| Cofactors | non-protein enzyme helpers needed for enzyme activity |
| Coenzyme | An organic cofactor, many vitamins serve as cofactors that aid in enzyme function |
| Competitive Inhibitor | Molecule that mimics the substrate reducing the productivity of the enzymes by blocking the active site |
| Non-Competitive Inhibitor | Impede enzymatic activity by binding to a site other than the active site. this causes a conformation change in enzyme shape, thus changing the shape of the active site. This prevents the substrate from binding the enzyme |
| Allosteric Regulation | Similar to the non-competitive inhibitors, these molecules serve to regulate cell activity. |
| Allosteric Molecules | Allosteric molecules bind to the allosteric site of the enzyme. The binding of the allosteric to its site causes a conformational change in protein shape. This changes the shape of the enzymes active site preventing substrate from binding to the enzyme |
| Allosteric Activator | Allosteric molecule is removed from the allosteric site in order to start the enzymatic activity |
| Allosteric inhibitor | Allosteric molecule binds to the allosteric site to stop enzymatic activity |
| Feedback Inhibition | A metabolic pathway is switched off by one of the end products produced by binding to an enzyme that acts early in the enzymatic activity |
Created by:
cwiest
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