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BIO CH 2 Vocab
BSCS BIO chapter 2 vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| energy stored in the structure of molecules | chemical energy |
| energy that is available to do work | free energy |
| a substance that supports the growth and maintenance of an organism | nutrients |
| an organism that obtains carbon compounds from other organisms | heterotroph |
| an organism that forms its own food molecules (carbon compounds) from abiotic materials | autotroph |
| the process by which cells use light energy to make organic compounds from inorganic materials | photosynthesis |
| an organism that derives energy from light and forms its own organic compounds (food) from abiotic carbon sources | photoautotrophs` |
| a biochemical pathway that uses energy from the oxidation of inorganic substances to drive the formation of organic molecules | chemosynthesis |
| the series of chemical reactions by which a living cell breaks down carbohydrates and obtains energy from them | cell respiration |
| autotroph; any organism that produces its own food | producers |
| a heterotrophy; an organism that feeds on other organisms or on their organic wastes | consumers |
| an organism that lives on decaying organic material, from which it obtains energy and nutrients | decomposers |
| the overlapping food chains of an ecosystem | foodweb |
| relating to a physical or nonliving component of an ecosystem | abiotic |
| relating to a living component of an ecosystem | biotic |
| a biological community and its abiotic environment | ecosystem |
| type of place where an organism lives | habitats |
| the outer portion of Earth – air, water, and soil – where life is found | biosphere |
| the law derived from the principle of the conservation of energy stating that energy can be neither created nor destroyed, but it can be transferred or transformed | first law of thermodynamics |
| the law stating that energy can be neither created nor destroyed, only changed from one form into another | law of conservation of energy |
| the law stating that energy transfers and transformations increase the entropy of the universe | second law of thermodynamics |
| a measure of the degree of disorganization of a system, that is , how much energy in a system has become so dispersed that it is no longer available to do work | entropy |
| a protein or part-protein molecule made by an organism and used as a catalyst in a specific biochemical reaction | enzymes |
| a chemical that promotes a reaction between other chemicals by reducing the energy required o activate the reaction; may take part in the reaction but emerges in its original form | catalysts |
| The portion of an enzyme that attaches to the substrate through weak chemical bonds | active site |
| a molecule on which enzymes act | substrate |
| the sum of all the chemical changes taking place in an organism | metabolism |
| the process of breaking substances down into smaller chemical units | decomposition |
| the loss of electrons from a substance in a chemical reaction | oxidation |
| adenosine triphosphate; a compound that has three phosphate groups and is used by cells to store energy and to fuel many metabolic processes | ATP |
| adenosine diphosphate; the compound that remains when a phosphate group is removed from ATP, releasing energy | ADP |
| the process by which food breaks down into molecules that an organism can absorb or use | digestion |
| the breakdown of nutrient molecules outside of cells | extracellular digestion |
| the breakdown of nutrients within a cell | intracellular digestion |
| the process of taking a substance from the environment, usually food, into the body | ingestion |
| liquid secreted in the mouth; begins mechanical and chemical digestion | saliva |
| flap of cartilaginous tissue at the base of the tongue in mammals; prevents food from entering the trachea, the airway to the lungs, during swallowing | epiglottis |
| the rhythmic waves of contraction of the smooth muscle that pushes food through the digestive tracts | peristalsis |
| the waste material expelled from the digestive tract | feces |
| an enzyme in saliva that begins digestion of starch; converts starch to disaccharides | salivary amylase |
| a digestive hormone secreted by the stomach lining; stimulates the secretion of fluid by gastric glands in the stomach | gastrin |
| a protein-splitting enzyme secreted by the gastric glands of the stomach | pepsin |
| the inactive form of pepsin | pepsinogen |
| an enzyme in pancreatic juice that breaks down protein molecules | trypsin |
| a secretion of the liver stored in the gallbladder and released through a duct to the small intestine; breaks large fat droplets into smaller ones that enzymes can act on more efficiently | bile |
| a fat-digesting enzyme | lipase |
| a finger-like projection of the small intestine that increases surface area for absorption of digested food | villus (plural: villi) |
| a microscopic blood vessel penetrating the tissues and consisting of a single layer of cells that allows exchange between the blood and tissue fluids | capillaries |
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