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Cell Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cell Theory | All living things are made of cells. Cells are the basic unit of structure in living things. New cells come only from existing cells. |
| animal cell | Cells that get their energy from food. |
| plant cell | Cells that get their energy from sunlight. |
| prokaryotic | No nucleus in the cell |
| eukaryotic | Cells contain a nucleus |
| unicellular | One cell |
| multicellular | Many cells |
| specialized cell | A cell in a multicelled living thing that performs only one job. |
| unspecialized cell | A cell that must be a unicellular organisms because it must do all things necessary to stay alive. |
| organelle | “Little organs”, or small bodies inside a cell’s cytoplasm that have specific roles to perform that keep the cell functioning properly. |
| cell wall | Firm outermost part of a plant cell; not found in animal cells |
| cell membrane | Thin soft layer of a cell; outer layer of animal cells;layer inside cell wall in plant cells |
| nucleus | “Boss” of the cell, it runs the cell |
| nucleolus | A dark area in the nucleus where a cell begins to make its ribosomes. |
| DNA | A master copy of instructions for cell function and structure |
| vacuole | Storeroom of the cell |
| cytoplasm | Gooey stuff that holds the cell together |
| chloroplast | Organelle where plant cells make their own food (photosynthesis) |
| mitochondria | where energy for the cell is made; “the mighty mitochondria” |
| endoplasmic reticulum | Transports material within the cell through a system of folded membranes |
| ribosome | Builds proteins to make new cells |
| Golgi body | Makes and packages materials to be transported out of the cell |
| lysosome | Destroys or digests wastes in the cell |
| chromosomes | Directs the cells on what must be made; they are inside the nucleus |
| diffusion | Movement of molecules from high concentrations to low concentrations |
| osmosis | Diffusion of WATER molecules through a membrane |
| cell respiration | Burning of food and oxygen in the mitochondria to create energy: Food + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide, Water & Energy |
| photosynthesis | The making of sugar as food in the chloroplasts of plant cells: Light + Carbon Dioxide + Water = Sugar & Oxygen |
| active transport | The movement of molecules into or out of a cell involving the use of energy by the cell |
| passive transport | The movement of molecules into or out of cells involving no use of energy by the cell |
| endocytosis | The engulfing of many molecules or an object by a cell’s membrane |
| exocytosis | The release of a particle by moving it from inside the cytoplasm through the cell membrane |
| selectively permeable | Allows certain (but not all) chemicals to pass through the membrane |
| cytokinesis | The division of the cytoplasm of the cell |
| mitosis | Process by which a cell forms two cells to help replace a dead cell or to help us grow |
| interphase | The chromatin is copied |
| prophase | Chromatin shrinks down to form 46 doubled chromosomes which are loosely scattered in the center of the cell. |
| metaphase | The doubled chromosomes line up across the center of the cell. |
| anaphase | Each doubled chromosome separates into two single chromosomes and they are pulled toward the opposite poles (ends) of the cell |
| telophase | A membrane forms around each set of chromosomes and the chromosomes unwind. Mitosis is complete. |
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