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U2C11 Terms
Key terms for Chapter 11 9th Edition Campbell Biology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Signal Transduction Pathway | A set of chemical reactions that occur when a molecule attaches to a receptor on the cell membrane |
| Local Regulators | molecules that send messages to local areas |
| Hormones | Long distance communitcation |
| Reception | molecule binds to a receptor protein on the cells surface |
| Transduction | converts the molecule into a readable molecule |
| Response | triggers a reaction almost anything |
| Ligand | molecule that binds specifically and reversibly to another chemical entity to form a larger complex |
| G protein-coupled receptor | cell surface receptors that are coupled to G-proteins |
| G protein | intracellular membrane-associated proteins |
| Receptor tyrosine kinases | react to the binding of signaling molecules by forming dimers and then adding phosphate groups to tyrosines on the cytoplasmic part of the other monomer making up the dimer. |
| Ligand-gated ion channel | open or close in response to binding by specific signaling molecules, regulating the flow of specific ions across the membrane. |
| Protein kinase | Enzyme catalysing transfer of phosphate from aTP to hydroxyl side chains or proteins. |
| Protein phosphates | a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolytic cleavage of inorganic phosphate from esters. |
| Second messengers | In many hormone sensitive systems the systemic hormone does not enter the target cell but binds to a receptor and indirectly affects the production of another molecule within the cell |
| Cylic AMP | serves as a second messenger for signal transduction at the cellular level |
| Adenylyl cyclase | An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cylic AMP from ATP. |
| Inositol triphosphate | a cyclic sugar alcohol, C6H12O6; usually referring to the most abundant isomer, myo-inositol, which is found in many plant and animal tissues. |
| Diacylglycerol | glycerol substituted on the 1 and 2 hydroxyl groups with long chain fatty acyl residues |
| Apoptosis | a type of programmed cell death in which cell components are disposed of in an orderly fashion, without damage to neighboring cells. |
| Scaffolding proteins | proteins that remain when chromosomes are digested with dNase |
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