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Chapter 19
section (19.11-19.14) corrected and improved
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| class ___ MHC proteins are triggered by viral or bacterial infection of a body cell | 1 |
| ____ proteins are always present in the membranes of all nucleated cells | class 1 MHC (Major histocompatibiliy complex) proteins |
| activated ____ cells find the pathogens and attack them through phagocytosis or the release of chemical toxins | T |
| activated ___ cells give rise to cells that produce antibodies | B |
| class ___ MHC proteins are present only in the membranes of antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes. They appear in the plasma membrane only when the cell is processing antigens | 2 |
| ____ are specialized cells that include all the phagocytic cells of the monocyte-macrophage group and the dendrite cells of the skin and lymphoid organs | APCs antigen presenting cells |
| the ____ produces class 2 MHC proteins | endoplasmic reticulum |
| T cell binding will only occur if the MHC protein contains___, this process is called ___ | the antigen that the T cell is programmed to detect, antigen recognition |
| CD8 markers are found on CD8 T cells, CD8 T cells respond to antigens presented by ____ | Class 1 MHC proteins |
| CD4 markers are found on CD4 T cells. CD4 T cells respond to antigens presented by ___ | Class 2 MHC proteins |
| before activation can occur a T cell must be chemically or physically stimulated by the abnormal cell. This vital secondary binding process is called _____, it confirms the activation signal. | costimulation |
| An activation of genes within the target cell nucleus that results in the self-destruction of the cell is a process called___ | apoptosis |
| A disruption of cell metabolism is done though the release of ______ | lymphotoxin |
| when a B cell encounters its specific antigen, it prepares to undergo activation, this predatory process is called _____ | sensitization |
| active helper T cells secrete ____ that stimulate both cell-mediated and antibody mediated immunity | cytokines |
| to become fully activated a sensitized B cell must encounter a ___ that was activated by exposure to the same antigen. | Helper T cell |
| what happens when the helper T cell binds to the MHC complex of the sensitized B cell? | the helper T cell recognizes the presence of the antigen, and begins secreting cytokines that promote B cell activation |
| ____ cells remain in reserve to deal with subsequent injuries or infections that involve the same antigens. On subsequent exposure, the memory B cells respond by differentiating into ___ cells that secrete antibodies | Memory B, plasma |
| under stimulation by cytokines from helper T cells, clones of active B cells differentiate into ____ cells, each capable of secreting up to 100 million antibody molecules each hour | plasma |
| ___ stimulate the activation and function of both T and B cells | helper T cells |
| the free tips of the two variable segments form the ____ sites of the antibody molecule. These sites can interact with an antigen in the same way that the active site of an enzyme interacts with a substrate molecule | antigen binding |
| ____ can activate the complement system. They are covered when the antibody is secreted but become exposed when the antibody binds to an antigen | binding sties |
| _____ attach the secreted antibody to the surface of macrophages, basophils or mast cells | binding sites |
| when an antibody molecule binds to its corresponding antigen molecule, an ____ is formed | antigen-antibody complex |
| antibodies bind not to the entire antigen, but to specific portions of its exposed surface-regions called ___ | antigenic determinant sites |
| a complete antigen is an antigen with at least ____ | 2 antigenic determinant sites |
| ___ do not cause B cell activation but they may become attached to carrier molecules forming combinations that can function as complete antigens. | partial antigens or haptens |
| there are 5 different classes of antibodies or _____ , the classes are determined by differences in the structure of the heavy chain constant segments and so have no effect on the antibodies specificity, which is determined by the antigen binding sites | immunoglobulin's |
| ___ antibodies account for 80 percent of all antibodies and responsible for resistance against viruses, bacteria and bacterial toxins | IgG |
| ___ attaches as an individual molecule to the exposed surfaces of basophils and mass cells | IgE |
| ___ is an individual molecule on the surfaces of B cells, where it can bind antigens in extracellular fluid | IgD |
| ____ is the first class of antibody secreted after an antigen is encountered | IgM |
| IgM concentration declines as ____ production accelerates | IgG |
| ____ is found primarily in glandular secretions, they attack pathogens before they gain access to internal tissues | IgA |
| during the primary response, the ___, or level of antibody activity in the plasma, does not peak until 1 or 2 weeks after the initial exposure | antibody titer |
| during the ____ response, antibody titers increase more rapidly and reach levels many times higher than they did in the primary response. This reflects the large amount of memory cells that are already primed for the arrival of the antigen | secondary |
Created by:
btuehara
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