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Molecules of Cells
Water and Living Things
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| hydrogen bond | when a covalently bonded hydrogen is positive and is attracted to a negatively charged atom some distance away |
| hydrophilic | ions and molecules that interact with water |
| hydrophobic | non-ionized and non-polar molecules that do not interact with water |
| acids | molecules that dissociate in water and release hydrogen ions (H+) |
| base | bitter taste; molecules that either take up hydrogen ions (H+) or release hydrogen ions (OH-) |
| example of an acid | hydrochloric acid: HCl >>> H+ + Cl- |
| example of a base | sodium hydroxide: NaOH >>> Na+ + OH- |
| buffer | a chemical or a combination of chemicals that keeps pH within normal limits; buffers resist pH changes because they can take up excess hydrogen ions (H+) or hydroxide ions (OH-) |
| inorganic molecules | constitute non-living matter, such as salts and water; play important roles in living things |
| organic molecules | the molecules that make up life; always contain carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) |
| functional group | a particular cluster of atoms that always behaves in a certain way |
| example of functional group | acidic (carboxyl) group >>> COOH because it can give up a hydrogen (H+) and ionize to COO- |
| monomer | a simple organic molecule that exits individually or can link with other monomers to form a polymer |
| examples of monomers | monosaccharide, amino acid, nucleotide |
| polymer | when monomers link together they form a polymer |
| examples of polymers | carbohydrate (ie. starch), protein, nucleic acid |
| deyhrdation reaction | a common way of joining monomers to build polymers; an OH (hyrdoxyl group) and an H (hydrogen atom, the equivalent of a water molecule) are removed as the reaction proceeds |
| hydrolysis reaction | it degrades macromolecules in which components of water are removed |
| carbohydrates | the first and foremost function for quick and short-term energy storage in all organisms, including humans |
| monosaccharide | a carbohydrate that is a single sugar, meaning the number of carbon atoms in a molecule is low |
| pentose | a 5-carbon sugar |
| hexose | a 6-carbon sugar |
| glucose | a type of hexose that is blood sugar |
| disaccharide | two monosaccharides that have joined together during a dehydration reaction |
| glycogen | a ready storage form of glucose in animals |
| starch | a ready storage form of glucose in plants |
| cellulose | a type of polysaccharide that functions as a structural component of cells; it is found in cell walls |
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme; it is often called a "molecular unit of currency" for intracellular energy transfer |
| amino acid | biologically important organic compounds composed of amine (-NH2) and carboxylic acid (-COOH) functional groups |
| complementary base pairing | either of the nucleotide bases linked by a hydrogen bond on opposite strands of DNA or double-stranded RNA |
| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes; it is a carrier of genetic information |
| dipeptide | a peptide composed of two amino-acid residues |
| double helix | a pair of parallel helices intertwined about a common axix, especially that in the structure of the DNA molecule |
| hemoglobin | iron-containing pigment in red blood cells that combines with and transports oxygen |
| lipid | organic compound that is insoluble in water; notably fats, oils, and steroids |
| peptide bond | covalent bond that joins two amino acids |
| neutral fat | non polar fat, glycerol bound to 3 fatty acids |
| nucleic acids | DNA and RNA, control cellular function |
| nucleotide | monomer of DNA and RNA consisting of 5-carbon sugar bonded to a nitrogen consisting base and a phosphate group |
| pH | used to express the acidity or alkalinity of a solution on a scale of 0 to 14, where less than 7 represents acidity, 7 neutrality, and more than 7 alkalinity |
| phospholipid | a lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule |
| polarity | tendency of a molecule or a compound, to be attracted or repelled by electrical charges because of its asymmetrical arrangement of electrons around the nucleus |
| polypeptide | a liner organic polymer consisting of a large number of amino acids residues bonded together in a chain, form part of a protein molecule |
| polysaccharide | a carbohydrate such as starch whose molecules consist of a number of sugar molecules bonded together |
| primary structure | the characteristic sequence of amino acids forming a protein or polypeptide chain |
| protein | A molecule composed of polymers of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds. It can be distinguished from fats and carbohydrates by containing nitrogen. Other components include carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur, and sometimes phosphorus. |
| quaternary structure | a structure level where in several proteins interact through non-covalent bonds to form one function protein complex |
| R-group | the chemcal group attatched to the alpha carbon in amino acids |
| saturated fatty acids | a fatty acid whose carbon chain contains no unsaturated linkages between carbon atoms |
| secondary structure | a structure of biological molecule characterized by the local folding with in bio-polymer as a result of hydrogen bonding |
| nitrogenous base | nitrogen-bearing compound with chemical properties of a base |
| unsaturated fatty acid | a form of fatty acid containing one or more double bonds and therefore can absorb additional hydrogen atoms |
| solvent | the liquid in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution |
| tertiary structure | the three dimensional structure of a protein or nucleic acid. amino acids form secondary structures as alpha helix |
| steroid | any of a large class of organic compounds with a characteristic molecule structure |
Created by:
jdelmonte
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