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Chapter 20
respiratory system part 2 "cont"
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the ___ of the lungs is an indication of their expandability | compliance |
| the ___ of the lungs is an indiction of how much force is required to inflate or deflate them | resistance |
| ___ is caused by inadequate surfactant production, and it leads to alveolar collapse on exhalation | respiratory distress syndrome |
| ___ is a general term indicating a progressive disorder of the airways that restricts airflow and reduces alveolar ventilation | COPD "chronic obstructive pulmonary disease" |
| a condition characterized by constricting smooth muscle all along the bronchial tree due to airway irritation. This is accompanied by edema and swelling and accelerated production of mucus | asthma |
| ____ is a long-term inflammation and swelling of the bronchial lining, leading to overproduction of mucus secretions. Most related to cigarette smoking | chronic bronchitis |
| aka blue bloaters because of the widespread edema and bluish coloration | chronic bronchitis |
| _____ is characterized by shortness of breath and an inability to tolerate physical exertion. Underlying problem is the destruction of alveolar surfaces and inadequate surface area for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange | emphysema |
| ___ has been given a descriptive term "pink puffers" due to the heavy breathing and pink coloration | emphysema |
| the____ centers set the pace of respiration by adjusting the activities of additional reparatory muscles | respiratory rhythmicity |
| the ____ modifies its activities in response to input form chemoreceptors and baroreceptors that monitor O2, CO2, and pH in the blood and CSF and from stretch receptors | DRG "dorsal respiratory group" |
| ____ has inspiratory and expiratory centers when ventilation demands increase and accessory respiratory muscles become involved | VRG "ventral respiratory group" |
| the ____ center of the DRG contains neurons that control lower motor neurons innervating the external intercostal muscles and diaphragm | inspiratory |
| ____ and ____ centers of the pons are paired nuclei that adjust the output of the respiratory rhythmicity centers | apneustic, pneumotaxic |
| during forced breathing the ___ center adjust the degree of stimulation in response to sensory information from the vagus nerve | apneustic |
| ___ inhibit the apneustic centers and promote passive or active exhalation | pneumotaxic centers |
| ____ receptors respond to changes in the volume of the lungs. They are responsible for inflation and deflation reflexes | stretch |
| The ventral respiratory group (VRG): affects___ and ____. | accessory inspiratory, expiratory muscles |
| the most common cause of ____ is hypoventilation-when respiratory activity is insufficient to meet the demands for tissue oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal | hypercapnia |
| ____ is when respiratory activity is insufficient to meet the demands for tissue oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal | hypoventilation |
| ____ when the rate and depth of respiration exceed the demands for oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal gradually leads to hypocapnia | hyperventilation |
| ____ is an abnormally low P co2 | hypocapnia |
| baroreceptors in the carotid and aortic sinuses are monitored by sensory nerves within the _____ and _____ nerves | glossopharyngeal, vagus |
| inflation and deflation reflexes are activated by ____ receptors in the lungs during forced breathing | stretch |
| ____ reflex prevents over expansion of the lungs during forced breathing | inflation |
| ____reflex inhibits the expiratory centers and stimulates the inspiratory centers when the lungs are deflating | deflation |
| sneezing and coughing is an example of a ___ reflex | protective |
| in ___ the cilia of respiratory epithelial cells are damaged and paralyzed by exposure to cigarette smoke | dysplasia |
| ___ tissue changes its structure in response to injury or chemical stresses | metaplasia |
| ____ the abnormal cells form a cancerous tumor. In ___, cells become malignant and spread to other parts of the body | neoplasia, anaplasia |
Created by:
btuehara
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