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Chapter 19
Section 3 Specific defenses
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| _____ defenses are provided by the coordinated activities of T and B cells. These activities produce _____, a specific resistance against potentially dangerous antigens | specific, immunity |
| whats the difference between innate immunity and acquired immunity? | Innate Immunity is genetically determined-no exposure or antibody production involved and Acquired Immunity is acquired only when u acquire immunity to a specific antigen |
| passive immunity is produced by a ____ and active immunity develops ____ | transfer of antibodies from another source, in response to antigen exposure |
| ____ results form the activation of appropriate lymphocytes and the production of antibodies with targeted effects | specificity |
| ____ results form the large diversity of lymphocytes present in the body | versatility |
| ____ enables your immune system to remember antigens it has previously encountered and launch a faster stronger and longer lasting counterattack if the same antigen appears | memory cells |
| ____ exist because the immune response ignores normal tissues but targets abnormal and foreign cells | tolerance |
| in ____ immunity activated T cells find pathogens and attack them though phagocytosis or the release of chemical toxins | cell-mediated |
| the genes controlling the synthesis of glycoproteins are located along one portion of chromosome 6, in a region called___ | major histocompatibility complex |
| ____ proteins are always present in the membranes of all nucleated cells | Class 1 MHC |
| ___ proteins are only present in the membranes of antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes. | Class 2 MHC |
| ____ are specialized cells that include all the phagocytic cells of the monocyte-macrophage group and the dendritic cells of the skin and lymphoid organs | APC antigen presenting cells |
| ____ proteins appear in plasma membrane only when the cell is processing antigens | Class 2 MHC |
| T cell binding will only occur if the MHC protein contains the antigen that the T cell is programmed to detect, this process is called | antigen recognition |
| membrane proteins involved in antigen recognition are members of a class of proteins called __ | CD (cluster of differentiation) markers |
| ____ T cells respond to antigens presented by class 1 MHC proteins | CD8 |
| ____ T cells respond to antigens presented my class 2 MHC proteins | CD4 |
| ____ is a vital secondary binding process that prevents T cells from mistakenly attacking normal tissues | costimulation |
| Which property of immunity exists because cell divisions of activated lymphocytes produce two groups of cells? | immunologic memory |
| ____ cells are produced by the thousands, but they do not differentiate further the first time the antigen triggers an immune response. | memory T |
| ____ factors limit the degree of immune system activation | suppression |
| suppressor T cells suppress the responses of ___ and ____ by secreting suppression factors | T cells, B cells |
| ____ cells seek out and destroy abnormal and infected cells. They are highly mobile and roam throughout injured tissues | cytotoxic T |
| activation of genes within the target cell nucleus that results in the self-destruction of the cell though a process called__ | apoptosis |
| if the memory T cells sense the same antigen as before, they will immediately differentiate into _____ cells, producing a cellular response that can overwhelm an invading organism | cytotoxic T |
| when a B cell encounters its specific antigen, it prepares to undergo activation. This preparatory process is called | sensitization |
| ___ cells remain in reserve to deal with subsequent injuries or infections that involve the same antigens | memory B |
| memory B cells respond by differentiating into _____ cells that secrete antibodies in massive quantities | plasma |
| _____ segments of the heavy chains form the base of the antibody | constant |
| the free tips of the two variable segments form the ___ of the antibody molecule | antigen binding sites |
| when an antibody molecule binds to its corresponding antigen molecule, an _____ is formed | antigen-antibody complex |
| antibodies bind not to the entire antigen, but to specific portions of its exposed surface, regions called ___ | antigenic determinant sites |
| A complete antigen is an antigen with at least ___ antigenic determination sites | 2 |
| _____ do not cause B cell activation, but they may become attached to carrier molecules, forming combinations that function as complete antigens | partial antigens |
| ___ antibodies account for 80 percent of all antibodies and responsible for resistance against viruses, bacteria and bacterial toxins | IgG |
| ___ attaches as an individual molecule to the exposed surfaces of basophils and mass cells | IgE |
| ___ is an individual molecule on the surfaces of B cells, where it can bind antigens in extracellular fluid | IgD |
| ____ is the first class of antibody secreted after an antigen is encountered | IgM |
| IgM concentration declines as ____ production accelerates | IgG |
| ____ is found primarily in glandular secretions, they attack pathogens before they gain access to internal tissues | IgA |
| during the primary response, the ___, or level of antibody activity in the plasma, does not peak until 1 or 2 weeks after the initial exposure | antibody titer |
| the secondary response appears even if the second exposure occurs years after the first, because memory cells may survive for ___ years or more | 20 |
Created by:
btuehara
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