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Unit 5 Stack
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A trait that applies to all memebers of a species | Species Characteristic |
| Characteristics that differ among members of a species, variations | Individual Characteristic |
| The study of heredity | Genetics |
| A segment of DNA capable of producing a specific amino acid chain (polypeptide) resulting in a particular characteristic | Gene |
| Strand of DNA complexed with proteins; usually found within the cell's nucleus | Chronosome |
| Proteins that support, protect, and help maintain the tightly coiled structure of the DNA in a chronosome | Histone |
| One of the two DNA duplicates that compose one chromosome (when the chromosome is not separated) | Chromatid |
| The attachment point of the two sister chromatids; also serves as point of attachment of spindle fibers during mitosis | Centromere |
| An illustration in which the chromosomes of a cell are arranged according to their size | Karyotype |
| Two chromosomes that have the same kinds of genes (alleles) in the same order | Homologous Pair of Chronosomes |
| One member of a homologous pair of chromosomes | Homologue |
| The condition of having homologous pairs of chromosomes | Diploid |
| The condition of having only one member of each homologous pair of chromosomes; characteristic of gametes | Haploid |
| The repeating of events in the life of a cell | Cell Cycle |
| A period of time between cellular divisions | Interphase |
| Any cell that is ready to begin cell division | Mother Cell |
| The duplicating and seperating of a cell's chromosomes | Mitosis |
| The first stage of mitosis or meiosis in eukaryotic cell division, during which the nuclear envelope breaks down and strands of chromatin form into chromosomes | Prophase |
| Special proteins located at the centromere where spindle fibers attach | Kinetochore |
| The fusiform figure characteristic of a dividing cell, consisting of microtubules, some of which become attached to each chromosome at its centromere and provide the mechanism for chromosomal movement | Mitotic Spindle |
| Spindle fiber that expands from the centrosome at one pole of the cell to a chromatid during mitosis | Kinetochore Fiber |
| 1 of 2 small cells produced and discarded during each of the 2 meiotic divisions that yield the haploid egg | Polar Fiber |
| All the chromosomes move to the cell’s equator | Metaphase |
| An imaginary plane extending out from the equator (usually of the earth). Used to define the ascending and descending nodes of a satellite | Equatorial Plane |
| A stage in mitosis and meiosis where chromosomes begin moving to opposite ends (poles) of the cell. | Anaphase |
| A stage in cell division when the nucleus of one cell is divided equally into two nuclei | Telophase |
| Division of the cytoplasm that produces distinct daughter cells. | Cytokinesis |
| The precursor to the cell wall during cytokinesis in plant cells | Cell Plate |
| The two cells that result from a mitotic division | Daughter Cells |
| A method of asexual reprodution in which the cuclear material is copied and the parent cell divides into two equal cells | Binary Fission |
| Producing a new organism without the fusion of a sperm and an ovum | Asexual Reproduction |
| A cell with a hard protective covering that is capable of producing a new ogranism | Spore |
| A diploid cell formed by the union of two haploid gametes | Zygote |
| Cell division in which the chronosomenumber is reduced from the diploid to the haploid state | Meiosis |
| A group of four joined chromatids during meiosis | Tetrad |
| Crossing-over | |
| A haploid cell which can unite with anouther famete to form a zygote | Gamete |
| The process of forming a zygote; the union of gametes | Fertilization |
| Gametes that are similar in shape and size | Isogamete |
| Gamete that differs in size and shape | Heterogamete |
| A gamete formed by a male; often motile | Sperm |
| A gamete formed by a female; usually nonmotile and larger than a sperm | Ovum |
| The meiosis process of sperm formation | Spermatogenesis |
| The meiosis process that forms ova | Oogenesis |
| The union of haploid gametes that results in a diploid zygote that develops into a new individual | Sexual Reproduction |
| An approach to heredity that relied on the identification of traits as discrete items that seemed to sort and mix according to mathematical rules. It is now knows that these Mendelian traits are in fact the genes arrayed along the chromosome | Mendelian Genetics |
| When pollen from the same flower, a different flower on the same or pollen from a clone is placed on the stigma of the same flower, a different flower on the same plant or the stigma of a clone | Self-pollination |
| Fertilization of a plant from a plant with a different genetic makeup | Cross-pollinate |
| The first generation resulting from a cross between parents homozygous for different alleles at a locus; all members are heterozygous at the locus | First Filial Generation |
| All of the offspring produced by two individuals of the first filial generation | Second Filial Generation |
| The characteristic that is expressed even in the presence of the recessive genes | Dominant Trait |
| The characteristic that is expressed only in the homozygous recessive condition | Recessive Trait |
| The physical expression of an organism's gene | Phenotype |
| The specificlocation of a gene on a chronosome | Locus |
| One pair of genes that have the some position on homologous chronosomes | Allele |
| The genetic makeup of an individual organism | Genotype |
| Condition in which both alleles in one organism are the same | Homozygous |
| Having two different alleles at the some position (locus) on homologous chronosomes | Heterozygous |
| A genetic cross that deals with only one set of characteristics | Monohybrid Cross |
| A diagram used to visualize genetic crosses | Punnet Square |
| The mating of an organismthat possesses a dominant phenotype but unknown genotype with an organism that possesses a recessive phenotype to determine the genotype of the dominant individual. | Test Cross |
| Genes arranged in a definite order on a chromosone | Gene Linkage |
| A diagram to show the characterisctics of several generations of organisms | Pedigree |
| The type of inheritance in which the alleles for expressing characteristics are neither dominant nor recessive | Incomplete Dominance |
| When both allelesare expressed (but not blended) in a heterozygous offspring | Codominance |
| The possible arrangement of three or more genes (alleles) for a trait at a single locus | Multiple Alleles |
| A genetic cross dealing with two characteristics at the same time | Dihybrid Cross |
| The Mendelian idea that the separation of one set of alleles during famete formation is not affected by the separation of another set of alleles | Independent Assortment |
| When two or more genes producea cumalative effect on the same trait | Multiple Gene Interaction |
| Condition in which a gene affects multiple characteristics | Pleiotropy |
| Special chromosome (in humans X or Y) that determines whether an organism will be male or female | Sex Chronosomes |
| Any chromosome other than a sex (X or Y) chromosome | Autosome |
| An inherited characteristic for which there is a gene on the X chromosome but not on the Y chromosome | Sex-linked Trait |
| A heterozygous orfanism that is normal for a trait which also has a recessive gene for an undesireable trait and can transmit that gene to offspring; (10C-1) a person who spreads disease without showing signs of the disease himself | Carrier |
| Bleeder's disease; a genetic disorder in which a blood chemical for blood clotting is not produced | Hemophilia |
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