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Chapter 8
Biology Midterm 2
| Energy has what? | the capacity to do work |
| Energy | -kinetic energy is the energy of an object in motion -potential energy is stored energy |
| Thermodynamics | the study of energy & its transformations |
| 1st Law of Thermodynamics | -energy can be transferred from one form to another or transferred from one place to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed -total energy in the universe remains constant |
| conservation of Energy | -energy can be converted from one form to another -radiant energy leaves the sun |
| 2nd Law of Thermodynamics | Entropy (disorder) is always increasing |
| Heat | -heat is the random motion of particles in the universe -most disordered form of energy -all energy in the universe will the dissipated as heat |
| Chemical Reactions | 2 or more molecules swap atoms |
| Spontaneous Reactions | -chemical or physical reactions that will occur w/out and input of energy -tend to be spontaneous if the products have less potential energy that the reactants - |
| Free Energy | -is the energy in a system that is available to do work -organisms take in energy-rich molecules & harness that energy to do work |
| Exergonic Reactions | energy released spontaneous |
| Endergonic Reactions | energy required nonspontaneous |
| Equilibrium | -chemical reactions will proceed until they reach equilibrium -living things are never in equilibrium |
| ATP | -Cells convert energy from one form to another -stores energy in the cell |
| Energy Transfer | -Free energy of ATP used in chemical reactions *negatively charged phosphates repel each other *bonding arrangement is unstable *removal of the one or two groups is energetically favorable -phosphate transferred to another molecule |
| Spontaneous Reactions | -energetically favorable reactions will occur w/out added energy -may occur slowly |
| Activation Energy | -initial energy required to start a reaction -makes bonds unstable & ready to be broken -explaines why high-energy molecules can exist |
| Transition States | chemically unstable species that is half-way between reactant & product |
| what influence can temperature have? | higher temperature means reactants moving more quickly, atoms in molecules more energized, bonds more likely to be broken |
| Enzymes | increases the reaction rate bu lowering the activation energy of the reaction |
| Enzymes are specific | -reactant worked on by enzyme is the substrate -each type or enzyme catalyzes the reaction of a single substrate molecule or a group of closely related molecules -enzyme shape determines specificity |
| substrates | fits into the active site |
| Active site | enzyme location where substrate binds |
| Enzyme Naming | the name typically refers to its substrate or type of reaction and ends in -ase |
| Cofactors | -many enzymes require an additional non-protein component to be active -often metal ions -can also be vitamins or vitamin dericatives |
| Factors that affect enzyme activity | -can be turned on or off by regulatory molecules (activators or inhibitors) |
| Competitive Inhibition | Inhibitor binds at the active site |
| Noncompetitive Inhibition | inhibitor binds at an allosteric site changing the shape of the enzyme |
| allosteric site | and enzyme site other that the active site |
| Avtivation | -enzyme can be stabilized in the active form by binding allosteric activators or the substrate |
| Feedback inhibition | -Biosynthetic end product inhibits activity of the first enzyme in the pathway -isoleucine only synthesized when needed |
| Enzymes, pH & Temperature | -stabilize transition states & increase reaction rates because they have a complementary shape to the transition state -anything that affects the enzyme's shape is also going to change its ability to bind its transition state *pH, Temperature, salts |
| RNAse & Disulfide Bridges | Disruption of disulfides denatures enzyme |
Created by:
kalphawk
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