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Ch 2 Test
BIOLOGY
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| all living things are based on what | atoms and their interactions |
| atom | smallest basic unit of matter |
| element | one type of atom |
| an atom has what | a nucleus and electrons |
| a nucleus has what | protons and neutrons |
| where are the electrons energy levels | outside the nucleus |
| atomic mass - atomic number= | number of neutrons |
| compound is made of | atoms of different elements bonded together |
| ion | atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons |
| ionic bonds form between what | oppositely charged ions |
| when do covalent bonds form | when atoms share a pair of electrons |
| what is one type of polar molecule | water |
| polar molecules have | slightly charged regions |
| nonpolar molecules do not have | charged regions |
| hydrogen atoms form between | slightly positive hydrogen atoms and slightly negative atoms |
| hydrogen bonds are responsible for | three important properties of water |
| what are the three important properties of water | high specific heat, cohesion, and adhesion |
| solution is formed when | one substance dissolves in another |
| solution is what type of mixture | homogeneous |
| solvents dissolve in | other substances |
| polar solvents dissolve what | polar solutes |
| nonpolar solvents dissolve what | nonpolar solutes |
| what two substances generally remain separate | polar and nonpolar |
| when does an acid release a hydrogenion | when it dissolves in water |
| what has a high H+ concentration | acid |
| what is an acids pH level | less than 7 |
| what is another name for a base | alkaline |
| what is a bases pH level | 8-14 |
| what pH level is neutral | 7 |
| what molecules are the foundation of life | carbon-based |
| how many other atoms does carbon need to form a covalent bond | 4 |
| what are the three general types of structures of a carbon-based molecule | straight chain, branched chain, and ring |
| how many valence electrons does carbon have | 4 |
| monomers | individual subunits |
| polymers | made of many monomers |
| carbohydrates are made of | carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| carbohydrates include | sugars and starches |
| monosaccharides are | simple sugars |
| polysaccharides include | starches, cellulose, and glycogen |
| lipids are | nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholestrol |
| many lipids contain carbon chains called | fatty acids |
| triglyceride contains how many fatty acids chains | 3 |
| what are lipids functions | they break down as a source of energy, used to make hormones, and make up cell membranes |
| satured fatty acids have how many bonds | 1 |
| unsatured fatty acids have how many bonds | 2 |
| phospholipids make up what | cell membranes |
| proteins are polymers of | amino acid monomers |
| amino acids are linked by what | peptide bonds |
| how does protein get its shape | by amino acid interaction |
| incorrect amino acids change what | a protein's structure and function |
| nucleic | acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides |
| nucleotides are made of what | sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen bases |
| what are the complementary base pairs for DNA | A-T G-C |
| what are the complementary base pairs for RNA | A-U G-C |
| DNA stores what | genetic information |
| gene | |
| RNA builds what | proteins |
| chemical reactions change substances into different ones by | breaking and forming chemical bonds |
| when are reactants changed | during a chemical reaction |
| products are made by what | chemical reaction |
| bond energy | amount of energy that breaks a bond |
| why is bond energy added | to break bonds |
| when is bond energy released | when bonds form |
| reactant | part of the chemical reaction that forms the product |
| product | made by the reactants |
| reaction is at the equilibrium when | reactants and products form at same rate |
| activation energy | amount of energy needed to be absorbed to start a chemical reaction |
| enzymes are catalysts for | chemical reactions in living things |
| catalysts | substances that speed up chemical reactions |
| what do catalysts decrease | activation energy |
| what do catalysts increase | reaction rate |
| enzymes are catalysts in | living things |
| most enzymes are | |
| disrupting homeostasis can | prevent enzymes from functioning |
| changes in what can break hydrogen bonds | temperature and pH |
| enzyme's function depends on what | structure |
| enzyme's structure allows what | certain reactants to bind to the enzyme |
| substrates | what enzyme works on |
| active site | on enzyme |
| lock and key model helps hwat | illustrate how enzymes function |
| how are bonds in substrates weakened | they are brought together |
| molecule | two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds, not necessarily a compound |
| cohesion | attraction between molecules of the same substance |
| adhesion | attraction between molecules of different substances |
| equilibrium | condition in which reactants and products of a chemical reaction are formed at the same rate |
| endothermic | chemical reaction that requires a net input of energy |
| exothermic | chemical reaction that yields a net release of energy int he form of heat |
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Scientific Eagles
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