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Chapter 6
Biology Midterm 2
| Light Microscopy | use light to illuminate the specimen |
| Electron Microsopy | use electrons to illuminate the specimen |
| Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) | pass electrons through sample - cross section |
| Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) | bounce electrons off the surface. -3D |
| Why are cells small? | Volume increase faster than surface area. -large stadium w/ limited entrances |
| Features of All Cells | -Lipid-rich membrane -Genetic information (DNA) -proteins -RNA (instruction for proteins) -Ribosomes (protein synthesis) -Cytoplasm |
| Cell Membrane | -Seperates inside from outside -Determines what moves in & out -Interface w/ environment |
| Cell Membrane Structure | -Hydrophilic head -phosphate -Hydrophobic tails -Fatty Acids (non-polar) -Form bilayers |
| Three Domains of Life | -Bacteria -Archaea -Eukarya |
| Typical Bacterial Cell | -Genetic material in one are: nucleoid -Circular DNA molecule -Cell wall composed of peptidoglycan -Falgellum -capsule -Fimbriae |
| Flagellum | whip like structure for movement |
| Capsule | Secreted polymerial material, rich in polysaccharides and polypeptides (adhesion, Protection) |
| Fimbriae | Short hail-like protein structure (adhesion) |
| Archaea | -similar to bacteria -differences from bacteria -cell wall made of pseudopeptidoglycan or protein -cell membrane of non-fatty acid lipids |
| Eukarya | -Nucleus & other organelles - 4 kingdoms -Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animallia |
| Eukarya: Organelles | -Membrane-bound compartments -Many biochemical reactions occur w/in them -Bring together biochemicals & Structures |
| Nucleus | -Location of DNA -Surrounded by a double membrane |
| Nuclear Envelope | -Double membrane -Nuclear pores area complex protein structures -Permit/manage movement of RNA & proteins |
| Nucleolus | -Region of nucleus where ribosome subunits assembled -rRNA and protein -Subunits assembled in nucleolus, ecported to the cytoplasm |
| Nucleus Activities | -Place where DNA is stored -information for making proteins -DNA is transcribed into RNA -mRNA carries the instructions for protein assembly into the cytoplasm -Ribosome subunit assembly |
| Ribosomes | -Consist of a large & small subunit -Sites of polypeptide synthesis -Can be free (cytoplasmic) or bound (Rought ER) |
| Endomembrane System | -series of single-membrane bound organelles -Endoplasmic reticulum -Golgi apparatus -Vesices -Lysosomes -Vacuoles -Microbodies (Peroxisomes) |
| Endoplasmic Recticulum | -Network of sacs and tubules made of membrane -interior is the lumen -2 forms -Rough ER -Smooth ER |
| Rough ER | -Ribosomes -Translate mRNA to protein -Proteins enter ER lines as then are synthesized |
| Lumen | -Protein folding - Protein modification |
| Smooth ER | -No ribosomes -Lipid synthesis -Stores detoxifying enzymes |
| Transport | -Vesicles |
| Vesicles | small membranous transport spheres |
| Golgi Apparatus | -Vesicles move material from the ER to the Golgi apparatus -Golgi is a stack of membranous sacs -Protein folding is completed -Lipids & Carbohydrates added to some proteins -Sorts & Packages material |
| Lysosomes | -Contain enzymes that lyse substrates -Digest complex molecules -Break down damaged cell components & ingested material -pH5 inside lysosome (most active) -form from budding from the Golgi -in animals not plants |
| Vacuoles | -Provides structure -plants (Large), protists/fungi (small) -pH slightly less than 7 -contains some enzymes -storage for pigments |
| Microbodies | -small single membrane-bound organelles -contain enzymes & other proteins -involved in the 1st stages of biochemical reactions or link different reactions in different places -debate as to whether part of the endomembrane system |
| Peroxisomes | -found in all eukaryotes -break down fatty acids -dispose of toxins -some reactions produce hydrogen peroxide, someuse it to detoxify other chemicals, and some converts is to water. -break down organic molecules in plants |
| Double-Membrane Organells | -Nucleus -Chloroplast -Mitochondria |
| Mitochondria | Powerhouse of the cell |
| Mitochondria Structure | -mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM) -intermembrane space (IMS) -mitochondrial inner membrane (MIM) |
| Cristae (mitochondria) | -folds of the inner membrane |
| Matrix (mitochondria) | -fluid filled central space -contains DNA, ribosomes |
| mtDNA | -mitochondria's own circular DNA molecule -Contains genes for proteins needed in cellular respiration -inherited from the mother in animals |
| Chloroplasts | -found in plants & some protists -Photosynthesis -light converted into sugar |
| Stroma (chloroplasts) | -Interior -contains grana stacks of thylakoids -DNA and ribosomes are here |
| Thylakoids (chloroplasts) | where light energy is harvested |
| Endosymbiosis Theory | -Chloroplasts & mitochondria appear to have originated as free-living bacteria -engulfed by early eukaryote |
| Cell Structure | -internal (cytoskeleton) -external connections -Bacterial cells have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan -plants and fungi walls are made up of cellulose & chitin |
| Cytoskeleton | -Network of protein tracks & tubules *structure *transport *movenment -essential for cellular divisions -Microtubules (largest) -Microfilaments (smallest) -intermediate filaments |
| Mucrotubules (cytoskeleton) | -hollow tunes of the protein tubulin -involved in movement -pull chromosomes apart during cell division -Kinesian can transport things along microtubules -move eukaryotic cells: flagella & cilia |
| Microfilaments (cytoskeleton) | -long thin rods (not hollow) made of the protein actin -Movement and structure -necessary for muscle contraction -resist tension |
| Intermediate Filaments (cytoskeleton) | -sturdy internal scaffold -structure only -made up of many proteins -maintains cell shape |
| External Connections | -Plant cells *pectin (middle lamella) -animal cells *extracellular matrix |
| Plant cells (connections) | Adjacent cell walls have sticky pectins (carbohydrates) in between |
| Animal Cells (connections) | -Secreted extracellular matrix *hold cells together coordiante function -connective tissue *collagen in skin, ligaments, cartilage, bone |
| Cell Junctions | -plants *plasmodesmata -Animals *tight junctions *Anchoring junctions *Gap junctions |
| Plant cells (junctions) | -connected by channels through the cell wall called plasmodesmata *cordination of function |
| Animal Cell (junctions) | -Direct connections between outer membranes -tight junctions -anchoring junctions -gap junctions |
| Tight Junctions | -impermeable barrier -lining of the digestive tract -lining of the kidney tubules -Blood-brain barrier |
| Blood-Brain Barrier | -impermeable to water soluble molecules -protects brain -permits rapid transit of lipid-soluble molecules |
| Anchoring Junctions (Desmosomes) | -link intermediate filaments -hold skin cells in place |
| Gap junctions | -protein channels -allow communications & coordination -link heart, intestinal muscles |
Created by:
kalphawk
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