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Chapter 10

Biology Unit 3, Chapter 10

TermDefinition
Mutation A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
Frameshift Mutations Changes the grouping of nucleotide bases and shifts the "Reading Frame"
Insertion Mutations Add one or more DNA bases
Deletion Mutations Remove one or more DNA bases
Point Mutations Single nucleotide base changes in a gene's DNA sequence
Missense Mutations Result in a single amino acid change within the protein
Nonsense Mutations Create a premature "translation stop signal" (or "stop" codon), causing the protein to be shortened
Silent Mutations Do not cause amino acid changes within the protein
Sickle Cell Anemia Gene for Hemoglobin
Sickle Cell Anemia Causes blood clotting Helps prevent malaria
Cell Cycle The "life cycle" of the cell
Interphase G1 --> S --> G2 DNA replicates
Mitosis Copied chromosomes are moved into daughter cells
Cytokinesis Cell is split into 2 daughter cells
Phases of Mitosis Prophase --> Metaphase --> Anaphase --> Telophase
Cancer Results when the cell cycle spins out of control
Cancer Unregulated cell division
Cancer Cells Divide when they shouldn't Invade surrounding tissues Move to other locations of the body
Normal Cell Checkpoints Cell size checked DNA replication checked Mitosis checked
Tumor Suppressors Genes that stop cell division
Normal Cells Proto-oncogenes normal induce cell division intermittently
Cancer Cells No brakes, gas pedal stuck
Tumor Mass of cells with no function
Benign Tumor Does not affect surrounding tissues
Malignant Tumor Invades surrounding tissues
Metastasis Cells break away from a malignant tumor and start a new cancer at another location
Cancer Cells Invade and corrupt surrounding tissues Transported by circulatory system to distant sites Reinvade and grow and new locations
Risk factors for cancer Heredity Acquired during lifetime
Carcinogen Cancer-causing agent
Carcinogen Environmental (UV RAYS) Diet and Lifestyle (Tobacco) Viruses and Bacteria (HPV)
UV light Form of radiation
Radiation Causes mutation in DNA in skin cells
Melanin Produced by the skin to naturally combat mutations and block UV radiation
Darker skin Offers greater protection than light skin against sunburn and skin cancer
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Family of over 100 strains 10 can cause cervical cancer
Melanoma Screening Asymmetry Border Color Diameter Elevation
Created by: zepol2014
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