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7th Grade Science
Chapter 2 - Cell Structure and Function
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| cell theory | 1. states that all living things are made of one or more cells 2. the cell is the smallest unit of life 3. all new cells come from preexisting cells |
| macromolecule | forms by joining many small molecules together |
| nucleic acids | are macromolecules that form when long chains of molecules called nucleotides join together (contain genetic information) |
| proteins | are long chains of amino acids molecules (communication, transport, chemical breakdown, structural support) |
| lipid | is a large macromolecule that does not dissolve in water (energy storage, protect membrane, communication) |
| carbohydrates | one sugar molecule, two sugar molecules or a lone chain of sugar molecules make up carbohydrates (store energy, structural support, communication) |
| cell membrance | is a flexible covering that protects the inside of a cell from the environment outside a cell |
| cell wall | is a stiff structure outside the cell membrance that provides support and structure ( found only in plant cells ) |
| cytoplasm | a fluid inside a cell that contains salt and other molecules |
| cytoskeleton | is a network of threadlike proteins that are joined together |
| chromosomes | rod-like objects in the nucleus. Responsible for passing on traits of the cell to new cells. Normal human body has 23 pairs. |
| cilia | short hair-like structures to help move the cell |
| flagella | is a long tail-like appendage that whips back and forth to help move a cell |
| vacuoles (central) | storage tank for food, water and waste products. Plants have more or larger ones than animal cells do |
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | passageway that transports materials within the cell |
| organelle | tiny organs or structures that make up the cell |
| chloroplasts | contains a pigment called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs the sunlight to make food called glucose (a simple sugar) for photosynthesis |
| golgi apparatus | packages proteins made from the ER into vesicles. Vesicles transport proteins where they're needed |
| vesicles | organelles that transport substances from one area of a cell to another area. |
| mitochondria | known as the POWER HOUSE. Energy is produced here. Also stores energy known as ATP which is used for growth, cell division and material transport. |
| lysosomes | found in animal cells but rarely in plant cells. Breaks down and recycles part of the cell to be used again |
| ribosomes | small organelles that make proteins. They can be found floating in the cytoplasm and attached to the ER. Made in the nucleolus |
| nucleolus | located inside the nucleus. Site or place where ribosomes are made |
| nucleus | directs all cell activities. Contains DNA - genetic information found inside chromosomes |
| prokaryotic cells | cells that lack a membrane around genetic material. (no nucleus) ex: bacteria and archaea |
| eukaryotic cell | cells that contain organelles surrounded by membrane. (nucleus) ex: some protists, fungi, plant and animals |
| genetic material | DNA - and it controls all activities of the cell |
| centrioles | they help the cell to divide and make more cells |
| envelope | outer covering |
| function | purpose for which something is used |
| active transport | movement of substances through a cell membrane using the cell's energy |
| diffusion | movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
| endocytosis | process during which a cell takes in a substance by surrounding it with a cell membrane |
| exocytosis | process during which a cell's vesicles release their content outside the cell |
| facilitated diffusion | when molecules pass through a cell membrane using transport proteins |
| osmosis | diffusion of water molecules only through a membrane |
| passive transport | movement of substances through a cell membrane without using energy |
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HOMSSeminar
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