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Bio Test ch.7
Bio Test ch. 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hydrolysis produces? | ADP and Pi at the outermost energy phosphate bond ( b/w terminal 3rd group and middle) or (AMP and Pi b/w the middle and first group) |
| ATP is not suitable for? | energy storage because its not long term. Fats and carbohydrates are better for this |
| ATP hydrolysis is used to | drive endergonic reactions |
| Energy from lower to higher | AMP--> ADP --> ATP |
| Hydrolysis produces | ADP, AMP, and Pi |
| ATP Synthesis depends on... | Energy from exergonic cellular reactions |
| ATP hydrolysis provides... | Energy for endergonic cellular processes |
| ADP and Pi serve as the... | reactants for new ATP |
| Why do enzymes stress bonds? | To lower activation energy |
| Are enzymes changed in the reactions with substrates ? | No, so they are able to function over and over again. |
| What do enzymes specify? | Cell structure and function |
| Active site is the... | Pocket/cleft substrate binding (the active site) |
| What determines binding? | Shape |
| What is induced fit? | The changing of enzyme shape to maximize contact with substrate. |
| What is an example of a Multi-enzyme complex? | Pyruvate dehydrogenase and consists of 60 protein subunits. |
| Sub units work together to form ? | A molecular machine |
| Advantages of multi-enzyme complex | 1.Product can be delivered easily to next enzyme 2. Unwanted side reactions prevented. 3. Reactions can be controlled as a unit. |
| Ribozymes are... | Non-protein Enzymes and many reactions with in cells including peptide bond formation during protein synthesis. |
| What are the two types of ribozymes and their function | Intramolecular: acts on self (reaction). Intermolecular: acts on another molecule. |
| Why could RNA pre-date DNA and proteins? | Because RNA can act as a genetic storage molecule and a functional enzyme. |
| Factors that influence Enzyme function | 1.Concentration of substance 2. Concentration of enzyme 3. Any chemical or physical condition that affects the enzyme's structure may change rate, (example: Temperature, PH, Regulatory molecules (inhibitors). |
| allosteric enzymes | Cells in inactive or active forms |
| Inhibitor? | Molecule that binds and decreases activity of enzyme. |
| 2 types of inhibitors and actions of both | Competitive: competes with substrate for active site. Noncompetitive: binds to enzyme at a site other than the active site. |
| Allosteric site | Causes change that makes enzyme unable to bind substrate. Can act as the on-off switch. |
| What is the total of all chemical reactions carried out by an organism? | Metabolism |
| 2 Main types of metabolism | 1.Anabolic reactions/ anabolism and expands energy to synthesize molecules 2. Catabolic reactions/ catabolism and harvest energy breakdown of molecules. |
| Example of Anabolic reactions/ anabolism | AA, or fatty acids |
| Example of Catabolic reactions/ Catabolism | Carbohydrates, or lipids |
| 3 descriptions of the biochemical pathways: | 1. Reactions occur in a sequence 2. Product of one reaction is the substrate for next reaction. 3. Many occur in organelles or w/ certain membranes |
| Steps are in a Biochemical pathway are represented by? | A flow chart (substrates and products are represented as letters) (Enzymatic reactions are represented by arrows) |
| What are feedback inhibition used for? | 1.Used to control biochemical pathways 2. End product of pathway binds allosteric site on first enzyme in pathway. 3. Shuts pathway down so raw materials and energy are not wasted. |
| Cristae | folds of the inner membrane; increase SA |
| Matrix | intercellular fluid contained within inner membrane |
| glycolysis uses what type of phosphorylation | substrate-level phosphorylation |
| Oxidative phosphrylation | uses energy from a proton gradient. ex ( Acetyl CoA formed from pyruvates after glycolisis) |
| what is used to generate proton gradient and therefore drive ATP synthase | NADH (in ETC and chemiosmosis) |
| What catalyzes the oxidation of pyruvate? | pyruvate hydrogenase ( this is the reaction that creates the 2 NADH and 2 Acetyl CoA) |
| For each acetyl-CoA entering the krebs cycle what is produced? | release of 2 CO2, creates 3 NADH, 1 FADH2 and 1 ATP and regenerates oxaloacetate. |
| What does Acetyl CoA bind to in the beginning of the krebs cycle? | oxaloacetate |
| What is created when acetyl CoA is binded with oxaloacetate | citrate |
| b/w citrate and regeneration of oxaloacetate? | Succinate |
| Where is the ETC found? | along the inner mitochondrial membrane and each creates a proton gradient. |
| Chemiosmosis | Accumulation of protons in the inter membrane space. Drives protons into the matrix through ATP synthase ,creating a net ATP of 30 for eukaryotes and 32 for prokaryotes. (28 from prokaryotes when just chemiosmosis and 26 ATP from eukaryotes) |
| what drives protons into the matrix | diffusion |
| Main ATP product when oxygen is absent? | Fermentation |
| Process of Lactic acid | Electrons are transferred from NADH to pyruvate to produce lactic acid. |
| What is produced from Ethanol Fermentation | Co2, ethanol, NAD+ |
| products of glycolysis? | 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 4 ATP (2 net) |
| products of oxidation of pyruvate | 2 acetyl coenzyme A, 2 NADH |
| Krebs Cycle | 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP |
| Chemiosmosis | 28 ATP |
Created by:
wil96
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