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Biology 7.1-7.7
Biology- Bones and Muscles Chapter 7 Chapter Checkup
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cranium | the largest portion of the skull or brain case - which composes the top, side, and rear of the skull |
| fontanels | the bones of an infant's cranium are connected by tough membranes and are made of fibrous connective tissue |
| sutures | within a year or two the fontanels disappear completely, and the cranial bones are joined tightly together at uneven lines known as these |
| sinuses | certain bones of the skull are designed with hollow spaces known as these |
| vertebral column | the chief structural member of the body - a massive columnlike structure which, in an adult, consists of 33 segments called vertebrae |
| cartilage | is a tough, rubbery connective tissue that cushions the joint between bones |
| coccyx | beneath the sacrum, and it is very tiny- it consists of four separate vertebrae in infants but are fused into a single bone in adults |
| thoracic cage | the vital internal organs of the thoracic cavity, such as the heart and lungs, are protected by the bones of the chest in this cage |
| pectoral girdle | the shoulder bones - includes the shoulder blades and the collarbones |
| phalanges | attached to the metacarpals are fourteen bones which form the fingers and thumb |
| tendon | is a strong "cable" of though fibers that attaches a muscle to a bone |
| ligaments | the mandible is held to the cranium by strong connective tissues known as these |
| osteoclasts | (literally "bone destroyers") are special cells that constantly move through your bones removing old materials to make rooms for new |
| osteoblasts | osteoclasts move through the bone, they carve tiny tunnels (Haversian canals) lengthwise through the bone these other cells move into the Haversian canals behind the osteoclast, constructing new collagen fiver and hudroxyapatie crystals as they go; |
| rickets | a disease in which the bones are weak and deformed from the deficiency of vitamin D in children |
| Wolff's law | bones adjust their shapes to the physical stress placed upon them |
| ossification | in mom's womb,special cell begin to construct the forms of you body's bones out of cartilage or membrane material.when the cartilage when done,osteoblasts began to move through them,replacing the soft,rubbery cartilage w/ collagen-reinforced hydroxyaptite |
| fracture | a break or crack in a bone |
| synovial fluid | this articular cartilage is lubricated with a clear, water-based lubricant which resembles egg white in appearance and consistency |
| joints | the place where bones join, or articulate |
| arthritis | a common degeneration condition of the joints or inflammation of the joints |
| muscle fibers | muscles that are composed of individual cells |
| fascia | a tough, translucent sheath that the entire biceps muscle is encased in |
| myofibrils | the contraction machinery itself is found inside long cylinders. these cylinders which extend the length of the muscle cell |
| neuromuscular junction | the point at which a motor nerve connects to a muscle cell |
| motor untit | a group of muscle cells connected to a single motor neuron |
| hypertrophy | muscles which are enlarged through excercise |
| atrophy | muscles which shrink through lack of use |
| red fibers | muscle fibers that contain many mitochondria and large amounts of myoglobin |
| white fibers | muscle fibers containing fewer mitochondria and less myoglobin |
| the two main divisions of the skeleton | axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton |
| the major bones of the head and spine | vertebral column, vertebrae, intervertebral disk, the cranium, and facial bones |
| the major bones of the shoulder, hips and limbs | pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, lower extremities, upper extremities |
| four classification of bones based on they size and shape | flat bone, long bone, irregular bone, and short bone |
| the parts of a long bone | diaphysis, epiphysis, and epiphysis |
| six types of synovial joints | .hinge joint .ball - and - socket joints .pivot joint .ellipsoid joints .gliding joint .saddle joint |
| two types of arthritis | osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis |
| why is the thoracic cage important | the vital internal organs of the thoracic cavity, such as the heart and lungs, are protected by the bones of the chest in this cage |
| how does the ulna and radius make your hand rotate? | the ulna is attached firmly to the humerus by a strong hingelike joint and the radius and is attached to the ulna and humerus by a weaker but more movable joint that allows it to rotate around the ulna |
| how does the structure of the compact bone and the spongy bone differ | because the spongy bone is made out of a lightweight, porous tissue and the compact bone is composed of a strong substance which gives the bone great strength and rigidity |
| what are the functions of bone marrow | it serves to house red marrow in infants and kids |
| how does physical exercise affect bones | bones adjust their shapes to the physical stress placed upon them |
| how do bone cells repair a fracture | it heals w/ its own cell |
| all or none principal of muscle fiber contractions | when a muscle fiber is stimulated to contract it does so completely and then relaxes completely until another nerve impulse reaches it |
| how do muscle fibers contract | when a muscle fiber is stimulated to contract it does so completely and then relaxes completely until another nerve impulse reaches it |
| how does physical exercise affect muscles | they will shrink if not exercised, and enlarge if exercise |
| why does the adult spine have seven fewer bones than the spine of an infant | because the sacral vertebrae (5 bones) and the coccyx (4 bones) both turn into one bone once an infant becomes and adult |
| how does the two primary substances that compose bone tissue provide the ability to resist both rushing and pulling forces | because ligaments are tissue that join bones to other bones and cartilage is a tough, rubbery connective tissue that cushions the joints between bones |
| how is the process by which fractures are repaired similar to the process by which bones are constructed in the first place | factures are fixed w/ its own cells, and bones are made out of their cells |
| why do muscles in the eyes and larynx have a higher ratio of nerve fibers to muscle cells than do most muscles of the limbs and back | because muscle cells are used for more of a general movement, not a slow, careful movement like those of the eyes |
| how can the arrangement of motor units in a muscle provide the muscle with both dexterity and strenght | the arrangement of muscle cells into motor units allows a much smaller number of nerves to be used than if a separate nerve were required for every muscle cell in a muscle- like when you have a big task your brain activates the larger motor units |
| why is physical exercise vital for healthy muscles | so that they don't get antrophy |
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