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Earth Science Test 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Earthquake | ground shaking by a rapid release of energy inside the earth due to the tectonic stress that causes rocks to break suddenly along fault lines |
| Focus | point inside that earth on fault where the earthquake orginated |
| Epicenter | point on surface of the earth directly above the focus |
| Stress | the forces imposed on rock |
| Strain | a change in the shape of rock, in response to the stress it's undergoing (the result) |
| Faults | fractures in crust along which rocks on one side move past rocks on the other side. displacement occurs |
| Where are Most Faults Located? | along plate boundries |
| Body Waves | travel through the earth |
| P-Wave | first to arrive. Push and pull. waves will pass through. |
| S-Wave | second to arrive. side to side motion. waves won't travel through. |
| Surface Waves | travel along earths surface. |
| Love Waves | s-waves intersect the surface |
| Rayleigh Waves | p-waves intersect the surface |
| Modified Mercalli Scale | reflects the subjective observations of how strongly people feel shaking and the severity of damage |
| How do we Locate Earthquakes? | the time interval between P-wave arrival and S-wave arrival on a seismograph |
| Richter Magnitude Scale | a scale of earthquake magnitude based on the motion of a seismograph |
| Secondary Effects of Eathquakes | liquefaction, landslides, Tsunami |
| Liquefaction | solid sediment acts like a liquid when intense shaking causes the pole pressure inside the earth to increase and groundwater to rise to the surface |
| Tusnami | the Japanese word for seismic sea wave |
| Riprap | absorbing and deflecting the energy before they reach the defended structure |
| Biggest Earthquake Ever Recorded | Anchorage, Alaska 9.2 |
| Crust | a very thin rigid outer layer |
| Mantle | rocky layer beneath the crust |
| Outer Core | a layer that exhibits the characteristics of a mobile liquid |
| Inner Core | a solid metallic sphere |
| Lithosphere | cool and rigid which sits on top of the asthenosphere |
| Asthenosphere | 100-135 km thick |
| Continental Drift | the hypothesis that continents are mobile and are not fixed in place. |
| Who proposed continental drift? | Alfred Wegener |
| Evidence of continental drift | fit of the continents fossils match up across continents mountain rages match up on different continents |
| Sea-floor Spreading | the producing new sea floor between two to diverging plates |
| How many plates are there? | 20. 12 big and 8 small |
| Continental Crust | silica rich low density 2.7 g/cm 30-50 km thick stands higher than denser oceanic crust |
| Oceanic Crust | Iron and magnesium-rich, silica poor higher density 3.0 g/cm 7km thick floats lower than continental crust, of top of denser mantel |
| Divergent Boundries | plates move away from each other, usually and mid-oceanic ridges |
| Convirgent Boundries | plates move toward each other |
| Subduction Zones | one plates dives under another into the mantel |
| Continent-Continent Collision | low density of continents prevent subduction, plate crumple up into each other and create mountain ranges. |
| Transform Boundries | plates slide past one another |
| Oceanic-Continental | oceanic plate is subducted. continental volcanic arc |
| Oceanic-Oceanic | oldest/ most dense plate subducted. volcanic island arc |
| Continental-Continental | No subduction. Mountain building occurs |
| Transform Plate Boundries | where two plates slide past one another without destroying or creating the lithosphere |
| Hot-Spots | caused by rising plumes by the mantel |
| Slab-pull and Ridge-Push Model | descending oceanic crust pulls the plate elevates ridge system pushes the plate |
| Plate-Mantel Convection Model | mantle plumes extend from model-core boundary and cause convection within the mantel |
| Deformation | all changes in the original form and/or size of a rock body |
| Elastic | changes from elastic deformation are recoverable (elastic rebound theory) |
| Brittle | rocks exhibit brittle failure once their strength is surpassed |
| Ductile | a type of solid-state flow that produces a change in the shape of rocks without fracturing |
| Folds | rocks bent into a series of waves |
| Anticline | up folded, or arched, rock layers |
| Syncline | downward folded rock layers |
| Symmetrical | limbs are mirror images of each other |
| Asymmetrical | limbs are not mirror images |
| Overturned Limb | one limb is tilted beyond the vertical |
| Dome | a roughly circular up fold structure similar to and anticline |
| Basin | a circular down fold structure |
| Normal Fault | hanging wall moved down relative to the footwall. spreads apart |
| Reverse Fault | dips st an angle greater that 45 degrees. pushes in |
| Thrust Fault | dips at an angle less that 45 degrees. pushes in |
| Strike-Slip Fault | no vertical offset. displacement is horizontal and parallel |
| Joints | fractures in the rocks along which no displacement has occured |
| Orogenesis | refers to processes that collectively produce a mountain belt |
| Accretionary Wedge | forms from scraps of oceanic crust compiling together |
| Continental Accretion | small crust fragments collide with and are joined to continental margins |
| Isostasy | concept of a floating crust gravitational balance |
| Principal of Uniformitarianism | the present is a key to the past |
| Jon Wesley Powell | realized evidence for ancient earth is concealed in layers |
| James Hutton | known as the founder of geology |
| Law of Superposition | in a sequence of rocks, the oldest rocks are on bottom (Grand Canyon) |
| Principle of Original Horizontality | says all sediments is originally deposited horizontally |
| Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships | younger feature cuts through older features |
| Law of Inclusions | pieces of one rock that gets included within another rock as it forms |
| Unconformity | a break or gab in the geologic rock record |
| Angular Unconformity | tilted/folded rocks are overlain by flat-lying rocks |
| Disconformity | geologic time missing from the rock sequence due to a period of erosion or a period of non-deposition, but all ricks are still horizontal |
| Nonconformity | this occurs when sedimentary rocks are located above either metamorphic or igneous rocks in a given rock sequence |
| Fossils | the remains or traces or prehistoric life preserves |
| Index Fossils | geographically widespread and only existed for a short ranges or geologic time |
Created by:
kmeseke
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