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the tunica intima (innermost) layer of blood vessel includes the
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"in arteries" the tunica intima contains _______ in the outer margins
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CH. 17 part 2
blood and blood vessels
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the tunica intima (innermost) layer of blood vessel includes the | endothelial lining and underlying layer of connective tissue containing elastic fibers. |
| "in arteries" the tunica intima contains _______ in the outer margins | internal elastic membrane |
| Tunica media: a typical artery is ____ | thick, dominated by smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers |
| ____ bind the tunica media to the tunica intima and tunica externa | collagen fibers |
| the "outermost" layer of the blood vessel tunica externa is a ______ | connective tissue sheath |
| tunica externa: in arteries, this layer contains ____ with scattered bands of ____. | collagen fibers, elastic fibers |
| tunica externa: in veins, it is generally ____, than the tunica media and contains networks of ______ and bundles of _____ | thicker, elastic fibers, smooth muscle cells |
| in the "tunica media" the external elastic membrane is ____ in a typical artery and ____ in a typical vein | present, absent |
| in the "tunica intima" the internal elastic membrane is ___ in a typical vein and ____ in a typical artery | absent, present |
| tunica media: a typical vein is | thin, dominated by smooth muscle cells and collagen fibers |
| Tunica intima: endothelium in a typical artery is ___ and a typical vein is ___ | usually rippled due to vessel constriction, often smooth |
| large veins include the ____ and ____ and their tributaries. The slender tunica media is surrounded by a thick tunica externa composed of a mixture of ____ and _____ | superior, inferior venae cavae, elastic, collagen fibers |
| Medium sized veins: the tunica media is thin and contains ___ and ____. The thickest layer the tunica externa contains ____ and longitudinal bundles of _____ and _____ | smooth muscle cells, collagen fibers, smooth muscle cells, elastic, collagen fibers |
| ____ collect blood from capillary beds and they are the smallest venous vessels. Venules smaller than 50um lack a tunica _____ and resemble expanded capillaries | venule, media |
| elastic arteries include __ | pulmonary trunk, aorta and their major arterial branches |
| ____, or medium sized arteries, distribute blood to the body's ____ and ____ | muscular arteries, skeletal muscles, internal organs |
| ___ have poorly defined tunica externa, and the tunica media consist of only one or two layers of ___ | arterioles, smooth muscle cells |
| ___ are the only blood vessels whose walls permit exchange between the bloood and the surrounding interstitial fluids. Because capillary walls are ____, diffusion distances are ____, so exchange can occur quickly. | capillaries, thin, short |
| the smallest arterial branches are called ____ | arterioles |
| From the arterioles, blood moves into ____, where ____ occurs between blood and interstitial fluid. | capillaries, diffusion |
| From the capillaries, blood enters _____, which unite to form larger _____ that return blood to the heart | small venues, veins |
| typical capillaries consist of a _____ within a ____ | tube of endothelial cells, delicate basal lamina |
| continuous capillaries are found through out the whole body in all tissues except ____ and ___ | epithelia, cartilage |
| continuous capillaries permit the diffusion of ____ into the surrounding interstitial fluids | water, small solutes and lipid soluble material |
| continuous capillaries prevent ___ | the loss of blood cells and plasma proteins |
| in specialized continuous capillaries throughout most of the CNS and in the thymus, the endothelial cells are bound together by ___ | tight junctions |
| in a continuous capillary, the endothelium is a ___ | complete lining |
| examples of fenestrated capillaries include | chorioid plexus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, and thyroid gland |
| fenestrated capillaries are also located | along absorptive areas of intestinal tract and filtration sites in the kidneys |
| fenestrated capillaries contain "windows" or pores that penetrate the ___. The pores permit rapid exchange of water and solutes as large as ____ between plasma and interstitial fluid | endothelial lining, small peptides |
| sinusoids resemble fenestrated capillaries. in contrast to fenestrated capillaries, sinusoids commonly have ____ and the ____ is either thinner or absent | gaps between adjacent endothelial cells, basal lamina |
| sinusoids permit the free exchange of water and solutes as large as ____ between the slow moving blood and interstitial fluid | plasma protiens |
| sinusoids occur in the ___ | liver, bone marrow, spleen, and many endocrine organs including pituitary and adrenal glands |
| In what area do veins contain valves? And what are the valves for? | Limbs, to prevent back flow of blood |
| if walls of veins weaken or become stretched or distorted, blood pools. This can cause? | varicose veins and hemorrhoids |
| systemic venous system accounts for how much of the bodys total blood volume | 64% |
| pulmonary circuit accounts for how much of the bodes total blood volume | 9% |
| heart account for how much of the bodies total blood volume | 7% |
| systemic arterial system accounts for how much of the bodies total blood volume | 13% |
| systemic capillaries account for how much of the bodies total blood volume? | 7% |
| the pulmonary circuit begins at the ___ and ends at the____ | right ventricle, left atrium |
| the systemic circuit begins at the ____ and ends at the _____ | left ventricle, right atrium |
| distributions of arteries and veins on the bodies left and right are generally identical, except near the _____ | heart |
| arteries of the pulmonary circuit differ from those of the systemic circuit in that they carry ____ blood. | deoxygenated |
| as the pulmonary trunk curves over the superior border of the heart, it gives rise to the ___ | left and right pulmonary arteries |
| the smallest branches of pulmonary arteries are ______ and they provide blood to the ______ that surround small air pockets called alveoli | pulmonary arterioles, alveolar capillaries |
| the walls of ___ are thin enough for gas to be exchanged between capillary blood and inspired air | alveoli |
| oxygenated blood leaving the alveolar capillaries enters venues that in turn unite to form larger vessels carrying blood toward the ___ | pulmonary veins |
| the ulnar and radial artery fuse to form the ___ and supply blood to the ____ | superficial and deep palmar arches, hand and to the distal arteries of the phalanges |
| what vein is blood normally collected from? | median cubital vein |
| the superior vena cava carries blood from ? | the who brachiocephalic veins to the right atrium of the heart |
| the _____ vein collects blood from the intercostal veins and delivers it to the brachiocephalic vein | internal thoracic vein |
| The ____ is located at the base of the internal carotid artery, may extend along a portion of the common carotid. It contains BARORECEPTORS involved in the control of blood pressure | carotid sinus |
| the ____ veins drain the blood from the brain | internal jugular |
| the external and internal jugular veins combine with the vertebral and subclavian to form the | brachiocephalic vein |
| branches of the external jugular include | occipital, facial, maxillary and temporal |
| the internal carotid supply the arteries of the _______ of the brain and the rest of the brain receives blood from the ____ and ____ arteries | anterior half, vertebral, basilar |
| the internal carotid artery ascends to the level of the optic nerves, where each artery divides into three branches, what are the branches? | opthalmic artery, anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery |
| the anterior cerebral artery supplies the ___ and ____ of the brain | frontal, parietal lobes |
| middle cerebral artery supplies the ___ and the ____ of the cerebral hemispheres | midbrain, lateral surfaces |
| the internal carotid arteries and the basilar artery are interconnected in a ring-shaped anastomosis called the | cerebral arterial circle |
| the cerebral arterial circle, or ___, encircles the ____ of the pituitary gland. This arrangement reduces the likely hood of | circle of willis, infundibulum, interruption of cerebral blood flow |
| the ____ , in the falx cerebra, is the largest dural sinus | superior sagittal sinus |
| ____ delivers blood from the interior of the cerebral hemispheres and the choroid plexus to the straight sinus | great cerebral vein |
| ___ vein receives blood from the transverse sinus and occipital sinuses well as superficial veins of the skull | vertebral |
| the transverse, strait, and superior sagittal sinus converge to form the ____ | sigmoid sinuses |
| the Cavernous sinus empties into the 2 ____, which in turn drain into the ____ | petrosal sinuses, transverse sinuses |
| the diaphragm divides the descending aorta into a superior ____ and an ____ | thoracic aorta inferior abdominal aorta |
| somatic branches of the thoracic aorta include | intercostal and superior phrenic arteries |
| ____ supply the chest muscles and the vertebral column | intercostal arteries |
| ____ deliver blood to the superior surface of the diaphragm | superior phrenic arteries |
| visceral branches of the aorta include____ | bronchial, esophageal, mediastinal, pericardial arteries |
| ____ arteries supply the inferior surface of the diaphragm and the inferior portion of the esophagus | inferior phrenic |
| ____arteries originate between the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries | gonadal |
| ____ arteries arise on the posterior surface of the aorta and supply the vertebrae, spinal cord and abdominal wall | lumbar |
| the celiac trunk divides into what 3 branches ? | 1. left gastric artery 2. splenic artery 3. common hepatic artery |
| ____ artery arises inferior to the celiac trunk to supply arteries to the ___ and ____, and to most of the ____ | superoir mesenteric, pancreas, duodenum, large intestine |
| ___ artery arises just superior to the bifurcation of the aorta, and it delivers blood to the terminal portions of the colon and rectum | inferior mesenteric artery |
| the left gastric artery supplies the __ | stomach and liver |
| the common hepatic artery supplies arteries to the ___ | liver, stomach, gallbladder, and proximal portion of the small intestine |
| the superior vena cava drains blood from the ____ | head, neck, shoulders, chest, and upper limbs |
| what are the 2 chief collecting vessels of the thorax | azygos and hemi azygous vein |
| the azygos and hemi azygos veins receive blood from the __ | intercostal, esophageal, bronchial and mediastinal veins |
| hepatic veins drain the | sinusoids of the liver |
| the ____ veins drain the diaphragm. The right phrenic vein drains into the ___ and the left phrenic vein drains into the ___ | phrenic, inferior vena cava, left renal vein |
| the right gonadal vein empties into the _____ and the left gonadal vein drains into the ____ | inferior vena cava, left renal vein |
| ____ vein is the largest tributaries of the inferior vena cava | renal veins |
| the_____ or interatrial opening, allows blood to pass from the right atrium to the left atrium and back flow is prevented by a flap | foramen ovale |
| the umbilical vein drains into the ____, a vascular connection to an intricate network of veins within the developing liver. | ductus venosus |
| the ductus venous collects blood from the veins of the ____ and from the ____ and empties into the _____ | liver, umbilical vein, inferior vena cava |
| the remnants of the ductus arteriosus persist throughout life as a fibrous cord known as the ____ | ligamentum arteriosum |
| the most common congenital heart problem is? These defects involve openings in the inter ventricular septum that separate the right and left ventricles | ventricular septal defect |
| in patent foramen ovale the foramen ovale remains open, blood recirculates through the ____ instead of entering the ____ | pulmonary circuit, left ventricle |
| the movement driven by the relatively high systemic pressure , is called a | left-to-right shunt |
| if the pulmonary pressure rise enough, they may force blood into the systemic circuit through the ductus arterioles. This condition a ____ creates a "right to left shunt". The result is _____ and the infant is known as a ___ | patent ductus arteriosus, cyanosis, blue baby |
| heart defect where the pulmonary trunk is abnormally narrow, the ventricular septum is incomplete, the aorta originates where the inter ventricular septum normally ends and the right ventricle is enlarged | tetralogy of fallot |
| a defect that most commonly affects infants with down syndrome, where both the atria and ventricles are incompletely separated | atrioventricular septal defect |
| in ______ the aorta is connected to the right ventricle instead of the left, the pulmonary artery is connected to the left ventricle instead of the right ventricle | transposition of great vessels |
| When an arterial vessel has a diameter of less than 0.5 mm, it is referred to as an ____ | arteriole |
| Arterioles have a relatively ____ tunica media ("TM") that is composed of 2-3 layers of _______ | thin, smooth muscle cells |
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btuehara
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