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Cells
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Ribosomes | Synthesize proteins |
| Simple carbohydrates are synthesized in | Golgi apparatus |
| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum | Metabolism of carbohydrates and detoxification of drugs and poisons |
| Lysosomes | Hydrolytic enzymes that the cell uses to dismantle captured bacteria, worn-out organelles and debris |
| Lysosomes are found in | all animal cells, but are most numerous in disease-fighting cells, such as leukocytes |
| Tay-Sachs | lysosomal storage disorder in which a lipid-digesting enzyme is missing or inactive, and the brain becomes impaired by an accumulation of lipids in the neurons |
| Peroxisomes | Help the cell use oxygen and contain abundant catalase |
| Catalase | an enzyme that removes an oxygen from hydrogen peroxide |
| Glyoxysomes | Found in the fat-storing tissues of plant seeds, contain enzymes that initiate the conversion of fatty acids to sugars, which the seedling can use as an energy source until it is able to make its own sugar by photosynthesis |
| Chloroplasts | Make sugar using the energy of sunlight during photosynthesis |
| Mitochondria | Break down the sugar and make ATP during cellular respiration |
| These organelles are not part of the endomembrane system | Chloroplasts & Mitochondria |
| Centrioles | Direct the assembly of the cytoskeletal microtubules and form the basal bodies that anchor the flagella; help in the formation of the spindle fibers that separate the chromosomes during cell division |
| Found in animal and protist cells (but not most plant cells) | Centrioles |
| Cytoskeleton | Composed of microtubules, actin filaments and intermediate filaments, and provides a framework to anchor the organelles and give a cell its shape |
| Microtubules | Hollow tubes that shape and support the cell and also serve as tracks along which organelles equipped with motor molecules |
| Motor molecules | Kinesin and dynein |
| Responsible for the separation of chromosomes during cell division | Microtubules |
| Actin filaments/Microfilaments | Most highly developed in muscle cells as myofibrils, which help muscle cells to contract |
| Well known for their role in cell motility, which encompasses both changes in cell location and movements within the cell | Actin filaments/Microfilaments |
| Intermediate filaments | Constructed from fibrous proteins supercoiled into thicker cables. They are more permanent fixtures of cells than are microfilaments and microtubules |
| Endosymbiosis | Proposes that these complex cells formed as large, nonnucleated cells engulfed smaller and simpler cells |
| Cytosol | A semifluid, jellylike substance inside all cells |
| Carry genes in the form of DNA | Chromosomes |
| Microvilli | Long, thin projections which increase surface area without an appreciable increase in volume |
| Nuclear lamina | A netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope |
| Chromatin | The complex of DNA and proteins making up chromosomes |
| Endomembrane system | Includes the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, various kinds of vesicles and vacuoles, and the plasma membrane |
| Proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them. | Glycoproteins |
| Receives and dispatches transport vesicles and the products they contain | The Golgi Apparatus |
| Animal cell use this to digest (hydrolyze) macromolecules | Lysosomes |
| Phagocytosis | Amoebas and many other protists eat by engulfing smaller organisms or food particles |
| Autophagy | Lysosomes also use their hydrolytic enzymes to recycle the cell’s own organic material |
| Site of cellular respiration | Mitochondria |
| Contain enzymes that remove hydrogen atoms from various substrates and transfer them to oxygen (O2), thus producing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a by-product (from which the organelle derives its name) | Peroxisomes |
| Microtubules grow out from a | Centrosome |
| Two subunits made of ribosomal RNA and proteins; can be free in cytosol or bound to ER | Ribosomes |
| Extensive network of membranebounded tubules and sacs; membrane separates lumen from cytosol; continuous with nuclear envelope | Endoplasmic reticulum |
| Stacks of flattened membranous sacs; has polarity (cis and trans faces) | Golgi apparatus |
| Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes (in animal cells) | Lysosome |
| Large membrane-bounded vesicle | Vacuole |
| Bounded by double membrane; inner membrane has infoldings (cristae) | Mitochondrion |
| Typically two membranes around fluid stroma, which contains thylakoids stacked into grana (in cells of photosynthetic eukaryotes, including plants) | Chloroplast |
| Specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane | Peroxisome |
| Amphipathic | Has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region |
| Peripheral proteins | not embedded in the lipid bilayer at all |
| The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane | Passive transport |
| Tonicity | The ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water |
| Fluid mosaic model | The membrane is a fluid structure with a “mosaic” of various proteins embedded in or attached to a double layer (bilayer) of phospholipids |
| Glyco | Presence of carbohydrate |
| Ernst Mayr's biological species definition | Species are groups of interbreeding organisms that are reproductively isolated from other such groups |
| Proposed by George Gaylord Simpson | A species is a single lineage of ancestor descendant populations which maintains its identity from other such lineages and that has its own evolutionary history |
| Traditional taxonomy/Phenetics | Takes a Linnaean approach to classify and name organisms according to similarities and differences in many morphological and biochemical characteristics, no characteristic is considered any more important than another |
| Cladistics | Darwinian view, tracing a group's evolutionary history. This system considers only evolutionary relatedness and classifies organisms according to which evolutionary branches arise through the history of the group |
| Shared derived characters (characteristics shared by all members of a branch, but not existing before that branch) are an important tool of | Cladists |
| 3 Domain system | Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya |
| Most similar to and likely gave rise to eukaryotes | Archaea |
| Endosymbiotic theory | The two major metabolic organelles of eukaryotes (mitochondria and chloroplasts) evolved when a large prokaryote ingested smaller prokaryotes and stabilized them instead of digesting them |
| Cells living within larger host cells | Endosymbionts |
| The most diverse of the kingdoms | Protista |
| Exhibit diverse metabolic characteristics that have clearly led to the evolution of the plant and animal kingdoms | Protists |
| Domain Eukarya | Kingdom plantae, Fungi, and Animalia |
| kingdoms are distinguished partly by | Their modes of nutrition |
| One of the relationships that exists between ribosomes and lysosomes is that | Ribosomes produce enzymes that could be stored in lysosomes. |
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