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Biology Lab 1
bio lab 1 test
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| epithelial tissue | covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, and forms majority of the glands |
| connective tissue | most diverse, abundant tissue, widely distributed tissue designed to support, protect, and bind organs all with cells, protein fibers, and ground substance |
| apical surface | the plasma membrane that faces inward to the lumen. This is particularly evident in epithelial and endothelial cells, but also describes other polarized cells, such as neurons. |
| lumen | the cavity or channel within a tubular structure |
| tight junction | specialized connection of two adjacent animal cell membranes such that the space usually lying between them is absent. usually doesn't let things through. |
| desmosome | are like shapes between adjacent cells, hold cells together at a single point, decrease mechanical stress of the cells, web of intermediate filaments, each cell completing half of structure, found in cells exposed to stress |
| basement membrane | a thin, delicate membrane of protein fibers and glycosaminoglycans separating an epithelium from underlying tissue. |
| basal surface | The bottom edge of the epithelial tissue abuts the basement membrane; this bottom edge |
| avascular | epithelial tissues |
| simple | one layered cell |
| stratified | two or more layered cell |
| squamous | shaped flat like a pancake/ravioli |
| cuboidal | shaped like a cube |
| columnar | having a shape like a column |
| glomerulus | a bundle of capillaries , surrounded by the glomerular capsule |
| glomerular capsule | are made up of simple squamous epithelium |
| simple squamous epithelium | thinnest possible barrier,consists of single layer of flattened cells,spherical to oval nucleus,allows rapid movement of molecules across surface forms lining of air sacs of lung found lining blood and lymph vessel walls portion that forms serous membrane |
| simple cubodial epithelium | consist of uniformed shaped cells,ideal for small ducts &glands,single layer of cell,cuboidal shaped,absorbs fluids across apical surfaces secrets specific molecules,forms walls of kidneytubules,formssecretory regions of most glands,covers surface of ovar |
| renal tubule | he part of the kidney's nephron that leads from the glomerulus to the collecting tubules. It consists of a looping segment and two convoluted sections. These canals resorb selected materials back into the blood and secrete, collect, and conduct urine. |
| simple columnar epithelium | is found lining the digestive tract, ducts of some glands, and portions of the respiratory and female reproductive tracts. |
| goblet cells | secret mucus, which may lubricate the apical surface of the epithelium or trap harmful particles |
| microvilli | the the digestive tract, these columnar cells have, hairlike on their apical surfaces to increase the area for absorption of nutrients |
| cilia | short, hairlike, rhythmically beating organelles on the surface of certain cells that provide mobility, as in protozoans, or move fluids and particles along ducts in multicellular forms. respiratory and reproductive tracts |
| pseudostratified columnar epithelium | appears to consists of multiple cell layers, not really stratified, |
| extracellular matrix | it is in all connective tissue is a collection of extracellular molecules secreted by cells that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells. |
| areolar connective tissue | is found throughout the body underlying epithelial tissue, surrounding organs, and wrapped around blood vessels and nerves |
| fibroblast | secrets fibers into the extracellular matrix. It is predominant cell type in areolar connective tissue |
| macrophages | a large white blood cell, occurring principally in connective tissue and in the bloodstream, that ingests foreign particles and infectious microorganisms by phagocytosis |
| mast cell | A cell found in connective tissue that contains numerous basophilic granules and releases substances such as heparin and histamine in response to injury or inflammation of bodily tissues. |
| collagen fibers | provide strength |
| elastic fibers | stretch and recoil |
| reticular fibers | may help connect tissue to organs or other types of tissue |
| adipose tissue | is one of the main types of connective tissue. and is primarily made up of adipocyte |
| adipocyte | function is to store lipids |
| dense regular connective tissue | is composed mainly of tightly packed collagen fibers, with little ground substance and few cells. collagen fibers are aligned in the same direction. provides great strength |
| tendon | main ingredient is dense regular connective tissue. attach muscles to bones. |
| ligament | connects bones to other bones |
| hyaline cartilage | this tissue forms the articular cartilage on the ends of long bones, the costal cartilages that attach ribs to the sternum, and the rings that support the trachea |
| lacunae | a cavity or depression, especially in bone. |
| chondrocyte | a cell that has secreted the matrix of cartilage and become embedded in it. |
| integumentary system | is the organ system that protects the body from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or abrasion from outside. The system comprises the skin and its appendages (including hair, scales, feathers, hooves, and nails). |
| cutaneous membrane | skin |
| epidermis | the most superficial layer |
| dermis | lies deep to the epidermis |
| hairy skin | known as thin skin |
| thick skin | the palms of your skin and the soles of your feet covered with a thicker cutaneous membrane |
| stratum spinosum | is a layer of the epidermis found between the stratum granulosum and stratum basale. |
| keratinocytes | newly formed skin cells |
| stratum basale | is made up of a single layer of cells that undergo mitosis to create a constant supply of new cells |
| stratified squamous epithelium | cells arranged in layers upon a basal membrane. Only one layer is in contact with the basement membrane; the other layers adhere to one another to maintain structural integrity |
| melanin | a dark brown to black pigment occurring in the hair, skin, and iris of the eye in people and animals. It is responsible for tanning of skin exposed to sunlight. |
| melanocytes | a mature melanin-forming cell, typically in the skin. |
| stratum lucidum | is a thin, clear layer of dead skin cells in the epidermis named for its translucent appearance under a microscope. It is readily visible by light microscopy only in areas of thick skin, |
| papillary layer | the superficial layer of the dermis raised into papillae that fit into corresponding depressions on the inner surface of the epidermis. |
| reticular layer | found under the papillary dermis, composed of dense irregular connective tissue featuring densely packed collagen fibers. It is the primary location of dermal elastic fibers. |
| sensory receptors | is a sensory nerve ending that responds to a stimulus in the internal or external environment of an organism. |
| dermal papillae | forms wavy border with the overlying epidermis |
| dense irregular connective tissue | found in lower layers of the skin (dermis) and in the protective white layer of the eyeball. |
| nerve fibers | the axon of a neuron. A nerve is formed of a bundle of many such fibers, with their sheaths. |
| hypodermis | the cellular layer that underlies and secretes the chitinous cuticle (as of an arthropod) |
| hair | any of the fine threadlike strands growing from the skin of humans, |
| sweat gland | a small gland that secretes sweat, situated in the dermis of the skin. Such glands are found over most of the body, and have a simple coiled tubular structure. |
| root | portion of the hair below the surface of the skin |
| shaft | the portion of the hair that is visible above the surface of the skin |
| sebaceous gland | Any of various glands in the dermis of the skin that open into a hair follicle and produce and secrete sebum. |
| sebum | glands that produces an oily substance which lubricates the hair and skin, reduces water loss, and inhibits the growth of bacteria |
| hair follicle | a narrow tubular cavity that contains the root of a hair, formed by an infolding of the epidermis and corium of the skin |
| arrector pili muscle | associated with each hair is a small muscle |
| anatomy | study of structures in the human body |
| physiology | the study of how body parts function together |
| anatomical position | a person standing upright with his or her arms at his or her sides; palms of the hands face forward |
| bipeds | virtue of the fact that we walk on two legs, humans are referred to |
| quadrupeds | all other mammals walk primarily on four legs |
| anterior | the front of the body |
| posterior | refers to the rear |
| ventral | refers to the surface of an animal where the belly is |
| dorsal | refers to the surface of the back |
| superior | above another part/ towards the top |
| inferior | below another body part/ towards the bottom |
| medial | closer to the midline of the body |
| lateral | away from the midline of the body |
| proximal | closer to a specific point/ joint closer to the torso i.e. arms, hands, legs, feet |
| distal | further away from a specific point/ joint further away from the torso i.e. arms, hands, legs, feet |
| superficial | refers to a structure closer to the surface of the body |
| deep | towards the internal |
| long axis | line going straight down the middle of the body |
| longitudinal | any cut made along or parallel to this line long axis |
| transverse | any cut made at a right angle across the long axis of the body |
| cross section | cut made across the long axis |
| frontal | a longitudinal cut that separates the ventral portion of the body or organ from the dorsal portion |
| sagittal | is a longitudinal cut that separates the left portion of a body or organ from the right portion |
| coronal | a cut that separates the front of the head from the back of the head |
| midsagittal | when a sagittal cut is made along the exact midline of the body |
| parasagittal | any sagittal cut that is made either to the left or the right of the midline of the body |
| dorsal body cavity | lies within the skull and within the spin |
| ventral body cavity | much larger than the dorsal body cavity and it contains more organs |
| cranial cavity | the space inside the skull |
| vertebral cavity | the space inside the spin |
| thoracic cavity | the entire superior portion |
| mediastinum | a membranous partition between two body cavities or two parts of an organ, especially that between the lungs. |
| pleural cavities | the cavity in the thorax that contains the lungs and heart |
| pericardial cavity | is a potential space between the parietal pericardium and visceral layer. It contains a supply of serous fluid |
| abdominopelvic cavity | the space bounded by the abdominal walls, the diaphragm, and the pelvis; it usually is arbitrarily separated from the pelvic cavity by a plane across the superior aperture of the pelvis; however, it may include the pelvis with the abdomen within thecavity |
| abdominal cavity | - the cavity containing the major viscera; in mammals it is separated from the thorax by the diaphragm |
| pelvic cavity | he space bounded by the bones of the pelvis and containing the pelvic viscera |
| menings | organs in the dorsal body are wrapped in these membranes the three membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord. |
| serous membranes | ny of the smooth moist delicate membranes, such as the pleura or peritoneum, that line the closed cavities of the body and secrete a watery exudate |
| visceral serosa | each organ is wrapped in a thin layer of membrane |
| parietal serosa | the inside of the body cavity wall is lined in a thin layer of membrane |
| serous fluid | between the visceral serosa and the parietal serosa which lubricates the membrane |
| visceral pericardium | epicardium: the innermost of the two layers of the pericardium |
| parietal pericardium | he tough thickened membranous outer layer of the pericardium that is attached to the central part of the diaphragm and the posterior part of the sternum—compare epicardium. |
| visceral pleura | portion of the serous membrane covers the surface of the lung and dips into the fissures between its lobes;derived from mesoderm |
| parietal pleura | is attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity and innervated by the intercostal nerves and phrenic nerve .lines the thoracic wall, covers the superior surface of the diaphragm and separates the pleural cavity from the mediastinum |
| visceral peritoneum | hese two layers develop later into the visceral and parietal layers found in all serous cavities, including the peritoneum. As an embryo develops, the various abdominal organs grow into the abdominal cavity from structures in the abdominal wall |
| parietal peritoneum | the portion of the largest serous membrane in the body that lines the abdominal wall |
| mesenteries | a fold of the peritoneum that attaches the stomach, small intestine, pancreas, spleen, and other organs to the posterior wall of the abdomen |
| metric system | the decimal measuring system based on the meter, liter, and gram as units of length, capacity, and weight or mass. |
| english system | as the measurement system used in many countries including the United States using feet, pounds and seconds |
| length | the measurement or extent of something from end to end; the greater of two or the greatest of three dimensions of a body. |
| mass | the measure of matter in an object |
| volume | is the measure of a liquid |
| meter | international standard unit of length, approximately equivalent to 39.37 inches |
| gram | the basic unit for measuring mass in the metric system |
| liter | the basic unit for measuring volume in the metric system |
| meniscus | when reading the volume in the graduated cylinder you should notice that the surface of the water isn't perfectly leveled. this is the curve |
| hypertonic | having a higher osmotic pressure than a particular fluid, typically a body fluid or intracellular fluid. |
| hypotonic | having a lower osmotic pressure than a particular fluid, typically a body fluid or intracellular fluid. |
| isotonic | stays the same ; if two solutions have equal tonicity, so that osmosis does not occur from one to the other |
| diffusion | the tendency of particles to become distributed evenly through a fluid |
| concentration gradient | a difference in concentration from one place to another for diffusion to occur. |
| osmosis | diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane |
| passive transport | mechanism is one in which molecules cross the membrane without requiring the expenditure of energy by the cell |
| active transport | mechanisms are those that require the cell to expend energy to move something across the membrane |
| kinetic transport | any object that is in motion (anything from an atom to an airplane) |
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cordero_eliza
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