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Micro test 2
MICRO
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what carbon/energy source does photoautotroph need | inorganic (C02), Sunlight |
| what carbon/energy source does chemoautotroph need | inorganic (C02), Inorganic chemicals (N02-,N03-,S04-) |
| what carbon/energy source does photoheterotroph need | organic (carbohydrate, protein, lipid), sunlight |
| what carbon/energy source does chemoheterotroph need | organic (carbohydrate, protein, lipid), organic chemicals |
| which process are active- require ATP | endocytosis, pinocytosis, phagocytosis, active transport, thermophile |
| which process are passive- do not require ATP | diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, mesophile, acidophile |
| which transport process move from high to low concentration | diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion |
| which transport process move from low to high concentration | active transport |
| which transport process use a protein | facilitated diffusion, active transport |
| what happens when a red blood cell is placed into an isotonic solution | the solution and RBC have equal amount of solutes-plasma membrane is selectively permeable-H20 is flowing in and out of cell-no change in shape/size of cell |
| what happens when a red blood cell is placed into an hypertonic solution | the solution is high in solutes and RBC very low in solutes- H20 leaving the RBC- cell shrivels/plasmolysis |
| what happens when a red blood cell is placed into an hypotonic solution | the solution is low in solutes and RBC is high in solutes-H20 is moving into RBC-burst/lyse |
| what general temperatures do the following bacteria like for growth: psychrophile, mesophile | psychrophile- cold. mesophile-body temp |
| which bacteria are most likely to be a human pathogen | mesophile |
| what would be the effect of a fever on a thermophile | increase growth |
| what would be the effect of a fever on a mesphile | decrease growth |
| what would be the effect of refrigeration on a psychrophile | increase growth |
| what would be the effect of refrigeration on a mesophile | decrease growth |
| what is so important about the discovery of Thermus aquatics-where does this bacteria grow | instrumental in genetic engineering experiments as DNA strands have to be heated to unwind; most enzymes cannot operate under high temps- compost piles, volcanoes, host springs |
| formula for singlet oxygen | 0 |
| formula for superoxide ion | 02- |
| formula for hydrogen peroxide | H202 |
| formula for hydroxyl ion (radical) | OH+ |
| what are 2 enzymes necessary to be aerobic | superoxide dismutase, catalase |
| what are the 2 equations showing the detoxification of oxygen | 1) 202-(superoxide ion) + 2H+(hydrogen ion) --->(superoxide dismutase) H202(hydrogen peroxide TOXIC) + 02(oxygen gas SAFE) 2) H202 --->(catalase) H20 + 02(SAFE) |
| what is the difference between obligate and facultative | obligate- must have, necessary for survival. facultative-flexiable, not necessary for survival |
| anaerobe | without oxygen |
| obligate anaerobe | oxygen will kill, must be in a NO oxygen environment-2 enzymes lacking |
| facultative anaerobe | with or without oxygen |
| aerobe | with oxygen |
| obligate aerobe | must have oxygen, without oxygen it will die |
| microaerophile | small amounts of oxygen |
| does drinking cranberry juice limit the growth of some bacteria in the urinary tract | yes, it makes urine more acidic, inhibits growth of some bacteria |
| Which are apart of symbiotic relationships | Mutualism, commensalism, parasitism |
| Which are apart of nonsymbotic relationships | Synergism, antagonism |
| Mutualism | ++, clown fish in anemones, oxpecker on a rhino, protozoan in gut |
| Commensalism | +0, s.epidermidis, bacteria in intestines, campylobacter and pseudomonas |
| Parasitism | + --, tapeworm, pinworm, viruses, bacteriophage |
| Synergism | +++, biofilms |
| Antagonism | +--, 2 bacteria competiting for nutrients, antibiotics |
| What contributes to the death of cells in a bacterial culture | Depletion of nutrients and oxygen, and increased amounts of toxic wastes |
| Simple enzyme | Protein only |
| Conjugate enzyme | Holoenzyme and has 2 parts protein part and nonprotein part |
| Protein part of conjugate enzyme | Apoenzyme |
| Nonprotein part of conjugate enzyme | Cofactor |
| What are the cofactor types | Coenzyme-organic-vitamin and inorganic-metal-iron |
| Metabolism | All the chemical reactions of a cell |
| Anabolism | Biosynthesis- synthesis of cell molecules and structures, using up energy |
| Catabolism | Hydrolysis- break bonds of larger molecules into small molecules, often releasing energy |
| What are some general characteristics that describe enzymes | Reusable, unique shapes allow for specific bonding, affected by environmental conditions like pH, heat |
| what are some differences between competitive inhibitor and non competitive inhibitor | comp.-reversible, inhibitor binds to active site, ^substrate conc.=^reaction rate, inhibitor does NOT change shape. Noncomp-permanent, inhibitor binds to allosteric site, ^substrate conc.=NO^reac. rate, inhibitor changes enzyme shape. |
| what is the same between competitive inhibitor and non competitive inhibitor | both slow down reaction rate |
| what does ADP stand for? ATP? how do you make more ATP from ADP? describe what happens to ATP that allows for energy for cellular reactions | ADP-adenosinediphosphate. ATP-adenosinetriphosphate. [Adenosine]--P--P--P, (break bond) then split and remove P-->releases energy. To make ATP add a P to ADP--> phosphorylation |
| what 3 products are formed at the end of glycolysis during aerobic respiration | 2 ATP,2 NADH, 2 pyruvate |
| NAD and FAD are electron carriers-what do they do during aerobic respiration | bring hydrogen ions and electrons to proteins embedded in cell membrane |
| what products are formed at the end of the Krebs cycle during aerobic respiration | 2 GTP, more NADH and FADH2, C02 gas |
| what products are formed at the end of electron transport during aerobic respiration | water, 32-38 ATP |
| what is the same about anaerobic and aerobic respiration? what is different? | same- both use the three steps: glycolysis, krebs cycle,& electron transport. AERO-produces more ATP, 02 gas is the final acceptor of H+ and e-. ANA- produce less ATP, O compound like S04- is used as the final acceptor |
| chemical reaction for nitrate reduction | N03- + H+--> N02- |
| chemical reaction for denitrification and importance | N02- + H+--> N0 Part of our nitrogen cycle-bacteria reduce nitrate/nitrite, they increase availability of N for plants |
| which type of fermentation produces a gas | alcohol fermentation |
| list some organisms that use each type of fermentation process | alcoholic-yeast, plants,bacteria acidic-bacteria, muscle cells |
| how can you explain the fact that unopened milk can sour even if kept in the refrigerator | the cause is acid fermentation-milk was in an anaerobic environment and it started to ferment of which it produced an acid; that acid make it sour |
| how do cells use a potato (starch) in aerobic respiration | polysaccharides--easily broken down---long chain of glucose |
| how do cells use butter (lipid) in aerobic respiration | 1) remove the glycerol (glucose+alcohol) ENTER GLYCOLYSIS 2) break the fatty acid chains into 2 carbon pieces (acetly coA) ENTER KREB CYCLE |
| how do cells use steak (protein) in aerobic respiration | 1) remove the amino acid group (NH2)-DEAMINATION-leaves body as urine 2) break the carbon chain into 2 carbon pieces (acetyl coA)-ENTER KREBS CYCLE |
| aerobic respiration-Final H+ and Electron Acceptor/ Final Product | oxygen gas/water |
| anaerobic respiration-Final H+ and Electron Acceptor/ Final Product | nitrate-N03- + H+/ nitrite nitrite-N02- + H+/ nitrous oxide gas |
| alcoholic fermentation-Final H+ and Electron Acceptor/ Final Product | acetylaldehyde/ethy alchol (ethanol) |
| acid fermentation-Final H+ and Electron Acceptor/ Final Product | pyretic acid/lactate (lactic acid) |
| helicase | breaks hydrogen bonds between bases |
| DNA polymerase III | matches up new nucleotides to exposed bases, repairs mismatched base pairs |
| DNA polymerase I | repairs mismatched base pairs |
| single-strand binding protein | keeps DNA strands separated |
| topoisomerase | unwinds DNA at replication origin |
| what is the steps in DNA replication | 1. topoisomerase 2.helicase 3. single-strand binding protein 4. DNA polymerase III 5. DNA polymerase I |
| transcripition | using DNA to create an RNA strand |
| translation | using RNA to build a protein |
| list 3 differences between DNA and RNA | single strand vs. double strand, sugar is ribose vs. deoxyribose, and base-uracil replaces thymine (RNA is still a repeated sequence of nucelotides) |
| what are the 3 types of RNA | mRNA, tRNA, rRNA |
| mRNA | transcripition of DNA code; carries code from nucleus to ribosome |
| tRNA | brings amino acid to ribosome during translation |
| rRNA | main componet of a ribosome |
| which type of RNA is associated with a CODON and ANTICODON | mRNA, tRNA |
| what is required for transcirption to begin | DNA, pool of nucleotides, enzymes |
| what is required for translation to begin | mRNA, tRNA, pool of amino acids, ribosome composed of rRNA |
| what is the end product of replication, transcription, translation | rep- another strand of DNA Transcription-mRNA transcript Translation-polypeptide |
| inducible operon | associated with catabolic reactions, normally in OFF mode |
| repressible operon | associated with anabolic reactions, normally in ON mode |
| what are the 3 key features of the lac operon and what do they do | regulator-piece of DNA that codes for repressor, control locus-piece of DNA that codes for promoter(starting point for transcrip) and operator(on off switch for transcrip), and structural locus-piece of DNA that codes for enzyme/product |
| describe what happens in the lac operon in the absence of lactose | repressor protein attaches to the operator, no transcription/translation no enzymes to breakdown lactose |
| describe what happens in the lac operon in the presence of lactose | lactose attaches to repressor, repressor detaches from operator, transcription and translation begin, produce enzyme to break down lactose |
| how do eukaryotes exchange genes | sexual reproduction, mutation, horizontal gene transfer |
| how do prokaryotes exchange genes | horizontal gene transfer, mutation |
| why is gene transfer so important | increases genetic diversity |
| be able to describe Griffiths experiment on transformation | 1. identify and isolate DNA area of interest-DNA is removed using restriction endonucleases. 2.insert newly cut DNA into vector. 3.Vector delivers DNA into a cloning host |
| conjugation and what is it necessary for | exchange of DNA requiring the attachment of 2 related species and formation of a bridge.--direct transfer |
| transformation and what is it necessary for | donor cells gives a fragment of DNA to a live recipient cell--indirect exchange |
| transduction and what is it necessary for | exchange of DNA via a bacteriophage--indirect exchange |
| what are 2 causes of mutations | spontaneous, induced |
| what are 2 ways mutations are repaired | DNA polymerase III and I-fix mismatched base pairs during replication, and excision repair by enzymes-enzymes remove incorrect bases and add correct ones |
| what is tPA and when would it be used | tissue Plasminogen activator (clot buster)--given to heart attack victims to break up clots that obstruct coronary arteries |
| 4 steps invloved in creating genetically engineered organsim | Miscellaneous, Hormones, Vaccines, Medicines |
| what is a restricition endonuclease and how do they work | natually occurring bacterial enzyme, cut DNA at specific sequence |
| what are the characteristics of a good vector, commonly used vectors | be able to carry a significant piece of DNA, be accepted by the host cell for cloning--plasmids, phage |
| what are characteristics of a good cloning host, list some commonly used cloning hosts | rapid growth rate, nonpathogenic, known DNA, will readily accept vectors--bacteria, yeast, plants |
| what turns on an inducible operon, what turns off a repressible operon | the inducer (lactose), sufficient products have been made |
| 4 phases on a standard bacterial growth curve and what happens during each phase | 1.LAG-active metabolism,making enzymes, DNA, RNA. 2.exponential growth-population doubles in size every generation 3.stationary-birth=death 4.death-population decreases in size exponentially (endospores form) |
Created by:
Khuller
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